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r-*. i
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N t\ h
TT
THE
MONTHLY REVIEW,
O R,
Literary Journal.
By SEVERAL HANDS.
VOLUME XV.
LONDON: rintedfor R.Griffiths, ia Pater'Dofter-row. MDCCLVI.
f'
J
\ i
f\
\ ')
•I'.
. . ; f O.'
V
TABLE
TO THE Titles, Authors Names, &c. of the Books
and Pamphleti contained in this Volume*
ADDftBSS, iKithethic, to •UcrneBritQiu 318 »todiep«bIic 517
tothetbfQoe 521
fOtWEleaon ibid A»DftBsiiSyCoofid«a|ioiisOB^5 1 8 Albfpo, fecRiilEel AiSTO M *• fecoadDiflcratioA on Qaick*lime $39
AuhLxtu dc Bayla C45
Ajiim ADVIRSIOV9 OD aUu Ser- flMBy by a Ltjaaa 109
AvswBK to tbe coadud of the MfluAry tnpiitiaUjr caoumaed 675 ApPARiTioii, a Novel 536 ArPBAi. to tlie People 410
■ ■ ■■■ 10 tbe Seide of tiie Peo-
ple 408
■ ■ loReafiMi ««d Common Sede 517
Abtif ici A L Dearth 419
Athamasiaii Creed, £xpo&* tionof 199
ATBBX.iTAif, ieeTofDCoat
B4o«AL*li TianllaMi of Tele*
machtts »a
BallvV WifikxB ol Ae Sa-
6;S
Sard WELL on Painting 162— 281
Ba r Iron^ Cafe of the Impor- tation of 672
Barob^s Edition of Milton*a Eikonoclaftet igi
Barracks^ fee Reafons.
Bartlbt's Farrierx, Appen- dix to 574
Beauty, fee Idea.
BfcLL^s Diflcrution on Popo- loufneft. Sec. 209
BassB onGod*fLove to ma* kind 93
Blabbbbt» General^ Memoirs of 194
Blbeoibo, Di/Ierutjon on 423
BovNTY» his Majefty'sfor Sea- ' men* Sec, 309
Bow E R Vindicated 3 1 1
'■ ■'< Six Letters, &c. 91
■ ' ■ ' Affidavit 190 Bread, Tieatife on a Craft of,
320 Browm*s Hiftofy of Jtoiakn
30^333 Britain's Glory difplayed £22
Britanbja, or the Gods in
Council 84
British Hero 319
■ ■ ■ Philippic 85 Bo LB LET, lee Oltngworth.
A a BvN*
I
A TABLE OF
BuNCLB, Jota, Llfeoi;p497-^
SifNClANA 677
..BiFitto9.aod TkompCDtt^ A«-
. coontaf' whtc paired bcftween
. tfasm, 426
'BvMJb, Admira],. feal Dc^^ce
, jjfc ' " 194
»—— Chronicle of : ibid
-— * Letter to a Meober oon-
omHBf 419
»— «i Impartial Rcfledlions on
422
Letter to 426
i — " Farther PaFticolut relat- ing» 527 **-'— Narrative of his Proceed- ings 655 — — fome Reafons for believing his Letters, &c. fpurions 677 4— Cdlediion of Papers relat- ing 10 ibid •_ farther Addicftf relating to, 682 C 'Cadet ioz CBL6t;s, fee Grieve. 'Christian Apology* St. Pfe- tcr*e 247 Ch Ri stiak'b • Polisical Dif- couife 675 CiBBER*s two DifTertations 195 CoLttecTion'of feveral Pam- phlets^ dec. relative to Admiral
Courf A R AT nra Theology 313 •CoNDiLLAc'sEffay on Human
Knowlegt, tranlhtod by Nu-
gcM 43—105
CoNrDUC+ of the Miniftry 524 CoNFtaMATiON,feeMiniilers«
, fee Reply. C0N8IDBRATIONS on the Ad-
df«fl^8 518
•■■'■ on the prcfcnt State
of Affairs 6tg
CoUMTERroiSB 652
Cox's Narrative, of the Thief- Takers S9
Cvftm, :BaiiiitsMnt of tj^$
.. : D Bb A y 's Rofe of Praaice 537 PBFBifCB»i feiious, of fomelate • Meafures '3^5
DBFORjfttxy of Beauty 90 Dbiaqsthjimbs oranilated by 'Ldand 164
Description pf Minorca 90 DiCTioNABT of Arts and Sci- ences 621 Dissertation on Bleeding
DatrMMOirnsPoemi ixS
Ectpt, fee Norden.
Elbctricitt, fee Hoadley.
* fee Lovett.
Embargo, of Irifli Beef, &c. Obfervatioas on 627
Enquiry into the Simttitodea of the Lord God '41$
Epistle to the D. of N. gi c
poetkal, to W* Pitt,
Bfqs . 6(2
Essay on the Writings and Ge- nius of Pope 52
E^s AY on the Roads 89
— — • on the Times 298
— i— on the Rife of Com 42^
Essays, kc. phyficial and lite- rary, Edinburgh 381
-— «- Paftoral and Elegiac 202
— — * on divine and moralSab- jefis 678
Evans's Geographical Effays^ Part 2d 312
Examination, Ffeeand Can- did, of the Biihopof Lon* don's Sermon's 114
ExPEDit-ious Infita^or 538
Fau<>uierb, fee (Nervations. Fawcbt's GrandEnqu'iy 200 Ferouson's Aftronoroy ^36 Fleming's Leitcr to Pike.3is Flev-
T
CONTE.:NTS.
Fi^EuaY*! Hiiuyof ihcf£riel-
itea )ii
FoTHEiiGiLS.*! Fall of Man
Fft«fi*s Ode M the Lafip of Mi- norca • ' 518 Frekv oh EaitkqodEca' 196 Far on Martiagea 174. Fu L L Anfwer to the fontth Let* ler 417 G Gbnius of Brium 652 G&aMAN Cfveky jio *■ Politicks 295 GiLCHaisT on the Medicinal Ufe of Sea Voyages to4 GaiEva*8 Celfas 398 GuioB to the Rights of &g- IMimen 536 Guxsi*5 Sermons • • 543
H
657 537
' HAirrTon*s Polybtas Harrises Juftiniatt Harrisoiti MlTcellanies
HAZBLANDf'fce VlCWb
HsATHcoTB on the Ufe of
Reafon 78
History of two Orphaas 53;
— — — of Reynara the Fox
■ ■ " ' of a Scotch Family
656
HoADLEt aadWilfononElec-
tridty 466
Horace Bp. X. B. 1. imitated
i" ' Ode XV. B. I, imitated
'KbaK^^s Apofegy for certain
- dentleriieh 198
HuTCHiKsoNiAics, Word to,
&e. ' Vindicated 316
Jackson's Letter to a young Lady 317
Jamaica, fee Brown. 'IdIa of Belay 450
A
jtirTl^ aNoTel
Irmoralitt of die Ags^ ] ' fledionson • 196
iMPORTAncaof Minmen 90
Ihocv^ation, gsand ObftA»« •Ml xOf coaMcrdd ^40
Johnson, Ben. fee Whalley.
-. . I .Sir WiHhun, i^onfer. ences between him smI the Indians -196
l6RjiRi;»t«s, ieePkn#y« .
Justinian's Inliitntea fajiHar*
K •
KtTSLBK^Travek 604
KiLLXNowoRTU*s Anfwer to
Bolkky -544
Lardncr's SapplemflBtlo his CrodibiHcy > J46
LAYMAK'iAnimadveritomoD a late fei nun 199
Le land's Demoftbenes 264
LaMAisTER'sOde on the Spring 201
Letter, fbvrtfa, to the People of England «92
■ from a Watchmaker to the Common Conncil 293
* to the Livery of London
4>7
■ Irom New Jerfey 427
to the Aochoriof t^e Re- view, on the CoQCfoverfy be* twcen Patten and H«aihoote, Alo
" ■ -to Mr. Pitt 523
— ■ ' Sixth, and lad, to the Parfiament and Pcopk: 532
- ■ from a Gendemaa at
Leyden 619
■ ■ ■■ to the Duke 672 to the Univerfity of
Cambridge 676
-— — from a fiavariaa Officer
. ibkl.
LEVcoTBor, aPocm 1^3
3 L..
TABLt or
^
liBvBE^a'PoetH 6^4
^mm^ of John BuncU» £% , 4Q7 ««*4«-ofCru(6eI>ivif 656
Lion artd i^p^tdi a faUe ,434
LoV<0OKv BiAlOp of, ft0XX4MI-
Lovrrr^M Ekfiricity L[>iv man's TraAa
f6i
433 .20?
M
Ma so N » SimOD, Memoirs of 194 MAvntAr'aSflTOCMii 540
MenroiiLa of the noccd fi^ck- hoife ^34
MsMORfAi. of his Proffiao Ma-
•Mbtamorfuosis of. a Prude
653
MsLiTART GeoileQieBAtondua
of . 90
MlLITI'A'XlLt . 41$
■ ■<■ obfervation on ib.
^ Ml tiTi Aa» fee Whifien*
Milton^ feeBxRON^
'■I his Far adife JLoiUoew
Vei£aaaf« \ 655
Mm isra R^sInftradioBs for Coo- ^roatioa 9>
MirNisTRY*^ lAfartial View of their Cofidudk . 29^
Minorca^ Importance of 90
^ ' »^ ' Defcription of ib. » a Tragedy 532
*-J Sim^of .. S34
MiRRouR* a Comedy 681
Modest Addrefs to the Com- mons 3 10
Moot ST RemoBftrance to' the Public 6lz
MonRRM Lovers 536
MoTi vfij of the King of Prdfia 417
MvNTON*s Sermons 4^8
JHaturai, Society^ Vindication
Qf , . . t«.
No R D B N^s Travels in Egypt and
. Nobi*,. - a4^J41-r|«| Northern Memoirs 659
Onsj^HVATiONS on Faaqoier^a EiTay 9$
Op8RRVER,p)^rved gc^
OpB« ^eLaiCAisTikfi. ,^ ——fee Freb,
— • to Lovt . 447
.Oi.ivBR> CJwge to the Clet;gy
One Tboofaad SevtA Hundrod
and Fifty-fix 435
OwEtt^sSemMm tj^
P
the
Pbckaro on the Intennedttte State jic
■ ' Remarks on jjo
Peter, St. fee Christian. .;
PErTON*sPrincipIesoftheFreo|bh Tongue (ii6
Philosophical TfanfadioilB» VoUXUX.Partr. 271— ^1
PoB M s by the Translator of vhr-
PoLYBivsy'fee Hamftom. ^ PoLYDORE and Julia 536
Pom FRET, CouDcefs of, poem .on
her i)eBefa£tion ZOB
PoFE, fee Essay. PosTLETuwA YT on th&Eyttich
trade 88
Pott on Rnptiiret '<r 5>^
pR I V AT E ERiNCyoIeful rcfiarka
on ^ 417
Prude, fee Mbt amor pilosis. Prussia, fee Motives. Prussian Pieces, four,&c. 63;
QvAKERSj hiftoncal tcconnt of
aoo
.RAr
COWTEJJT &
til
Ramdodph*s Mirrour 68t
ILfifOBK) David, A^tpratamof
%MA9ov%fkt. t6fmw€Ufttnch forgety ' •* ' jol
■ ■ ■ for baifdltigUfrackt pt m far bdlkvingf Ac foe
Btvo.
RlFLECTIONS^ fee IliMOtA- tITY*
XkF LECTIONS prevJoQB to the efttbimimeiit of k Milhk 673 JIeLly's Trial of Spiriti 678 IUm*rk5, feePECKAiD. p OD privAceering 427
■ ■ on the coodud of our . &ct . ^ , . 4^3
Remonstrahce, (eeModeft. Reply to a Query concerning Confirniadp^ _ 314
.Rj&ucMATioN« or, Fbxoat/Ac
, : "5*3
fi|CHAaDso»-5^flay;i * 678 XtirPOj»tf Sai4)i.'cafc ot * i
SOBitf Hood-Socii^ ' '
KpAn$i,*% Natural Hittory of A-
' leppo ; ' 135
lletuj^f fouth"! loteato 217
.. ■ . 'f
. . - ■ • S , -^ .. •
. Sailoils, feafonable Call opon
203
fiAUXf^iaio^Sjftyxt^ni ] '24c
^CUQOU'P.oy in Polltip '' 418
S^a?.totf8, fingle, viz.
AthidnV; ai'St.Jhtoy^e^l^w
96
^ MUiny^ at '^. ?M'§ 43t
jKlilone^s, at Oxford ibid.
. ' JBIakc's, at Oxford ibid.
Bahon*5 tlefunMrnintalihu 4if
sriaiU tieolopca 430
Conder*8, at Forter*8 ordina-
^ «»9« 43»
P>roel*i, QD NotCDtt*s death
. . ibid,
prewe% U StaSbrd-aflizei
♦5*
' Frank^s, 00 SteveafbaV deatll .
-free^s, beforei the AngaUi*
^ * can't . I ,: 4biiL
Gibbon's,, at Haberdalbers^
' hoH ' Ml
.GrfffiAV^^atOxAini .' * .\ 9^
* Gf1gg*sBt8t..A)ban't r; 96
Greenhill'S) 00 the decseafe of
the Cbniiiao faith 432
Hall% at Oxford' i :^%
' HeathoktVj ac» Lokdi«val&
zes i ' . ' • "^3X
Milne's, Off Ctfkheth^idnfli
43*
Norton's, at^MCharttr^hooTe
432
Penn's, at Cfanft-chordi 431
Penntngion'sy at Hunthigdflfi
9(i
Rbfs*9, at Cftmbradge ibid.
Smithfon's. on the dedamtioii
J '■* rfMfcr'' .7 /. iWd
Spry \. at liie «oofecratJOiv of
twoB2Jhopi . 4|2
'' TaylorV at Norwich .. - d6
' ' Tcw's cftaricf-ftrmoii ^ 45^
WimTs, at Cbcftcr^iffAa ^ ^
Winter^ tori the ^tdaiaiiwrof
War 96
ShaW ffghr' • ^la
SHELDaAXE on Heotand'CoU
Similitudes, leeEifma^i-p^, Smart's Uy«m to the SdpfiiQO Being * 202
St eVe^»*'s Travels . 45 i
SuLLY'tf Mlfm6in 97— *ao9 ' SwEDEH, IMfpute in 316
Symons onweighing-goM 53^
T • . ' -J '
The Taecet 197
T A Y Lo R *« HebrowCoBOoidance
Vol.1. 21
TrLBMACHVS^ feeBAGKAL.
THoM^aofv, feeBvRTON. Thouqhts on the being of r God 94
TiMlLY
tilt c o
TiMBLT. Antidote 411
TsLDtRvr's Hifioiy of twoOr- plms. 535
Tft I A L of Spirits 678
TRtiriTT» lee WATiow. Trub Cenfare no Afperfion 316 Tv R Nco ATf a Paiodj on Athel-
fits 20Z
ViBW of tbe Mmimer in which Tratle and Civil liberty fnp- : port each other 677
ViRTVBy aPoem 319
VoicB of the People 677
VoTAOBSyCompendiomof 193
N T E N T S.
1
w
Wa.rnbr*s Syftem oP-Diviaitf
483 ■ I Eect^fiaftkal Uifioiy;
564* Watsov on the Tiinity 199 WaALLBr*8 Edition of Ben . Johnfiw's Works 19S.
Whxston*s TranflatiM of ]oa*. chim Chriftian*8 Difco^e on . Militia^ 67;
Whitbfibld^s Reply to 6o«ra
Wisdom of the SufHeme Being
678
ADVERTISEMENT-
Vk Su^*'"^ Ac<^^^i"^ o' FOREIGN Publications having J\, b«W dcfired by feveral Friends to our Rcvierw, we take thi^ Oppiytunity of acquainting tbern^" and the Public, that tfifs Taik is undertaken by a Set of lesoned and ingenious C0RU8PONDSNTS. ^. , ., . -
Thefe Articles will be rojgularly continued, every Montht videTs prevented by the Accidents to which aforeigpi Corre& ^oodence is liable. No Performance worthy of Attention fhall ht overlooked, and all due Regard will be paid to tbe moft important* - "i •
/ As to the Reviewers th^mfelves, a competent Account of eitf domefiic Prod»3imu^ furniihes full Employment for aH their Leifure, and all their Faculti^ : To continue the faitf% ful Difchaige of which, is all they can piopoie, or cpcj^ to jipcompliih.
The foreign Articles will conunenc^ io Ae RcyiewjG'r fe- bniary, 1757. . ,/ ,.
->^\^i.
r
( « )
4 >.'
THE
MONTHLY REVIEW,
For
■^*-u
D. yufimam Ififiihiikmwn^ Librt quattt$r ; and a Tranjlatlon of thm inf EtigR/hy wti NcUs. By G«ftrge Harris^ LL. D. 4to. 15s. Bacburft and Withers.
OF all the Oanreriunents which, for above two thoufimd years paft, have made any figure m Europe^ ot tbql countries adjoining, no one, whilft in power, and pte-> tmiiieii^y drew fiieh rcTpeA, and admiratton, from its ne^^ bours, nor kft with after^a^^s, uponitidedineaiiddiflblutiQAy iiich an impreffion of dignity, and efteeoi^ as die Roman gc^ vernment.
We are furpri^ed how, from fuch low beginnings, aq4 wiiea every where furtounded by powerful 4nd fuipicious netghbourSy the Romans- could raife and maintain th^ir xnAt^ pend(^ncy ; aifid, whilft we attend to the trad of th^ vie* toriei^ and d&e celerity of their conqUefts ; wbi^ we fee tbem ciittniA theiv empire from the narrow limits of a little towii^ not orAj over Italy, bflt into almoft ^vei y pat t of the thea known world, — we find ftiU greater caufc f<>r aftoniflueaent.
But when we refled upon the form of their government 1 the happy changes introduced into it from tihie to time % their e^igtnal liberty and fpirit; the pditicai meafures taken to fe- curean^ heighten tbefej their military arts and diftipUni-; the union eftabjifhed amongft all the orders of the ftate, whe^ Cher civil, military, or accltiiaflic, by laying them equafljT op6n 16 the attainment of .every naaa of abiUty» fo that he wh# lAtic^ded to be a magiftrate, v^as obliged to nt himfelf alfo for
Vot.XV. B the
2 Harris' J Tranjlation of
the prlcflhood and army ; and how this, in ib extraordinary a manner, enabled each' to efFecl every thing for the public fervice, whilft it prevented all interfering of intercfts amongfl the orders themielves; — and laftly, how early they began and how long they continued, to fecure their conquefts, and ftrengthen themfelves in proportion to the enlargement of their territory, by incorporating the vanquiflied nations, and admitting them to £hare in their privileges: — thefc confidera- tions, indeed, abat^ our amazement, but increafe oiir eft^m for* this people.
Yet nothing at this day renders the Roman name more il- luftrious, in all the countries of Europe, than that fyftem of laws which they compofed for the ufe of their fiate, and which ftill preferves to them a kind of authority and dominion, much more extenfive, and even more glorious, than what they for- meiiy obtained by arms ; for that may, in a great meafure, be imputed to force and violence, whilft this can only be de- rived from the acknowleged excellence of therr conftitution.
Thelnftitutions of Jujtinian give us a very diftin£t idea of the internal ftate of the Roman people ; and of their privileges, con- neiSions, and dependencies. He places in a ftrcng light, the authority of the father, the dominion of the mafter, the fub- jeflion of the fon, and the (ervitodc of the flave. He informs us fully of the condition of the Ingenui, or thofe who were originally free;, and of the Libert!, or thofe who, having ac- quired Liberty by thfe indulgence of a mafter, continued under certain legal obligations to that mafter, now their patron. He enables us clearly to-comprehcnd^th'? nature of their matrimo- nial engagements, and marks out feverally the peculiar circum^ ttances of children, whether begot in matrimony, adopted, or baftard ; and prefents us with a Jable of the degrees of kindred, dnd drder of fiiccefSon*. A.fyftematic vi^w of laws, refpe6ling fdcb- a rzTiGty of conditia;is and fituations in life, Axing- and limitting the duties refuiting from each, regulating the acquifitior^ and transfermcntcf pjroperty, and infii6ling pu- lti(hments upon crimes, whether of .a public or private na- ture, muft, t6^ali men of fcnfip, of whatever profeffion, be highly inftru£)ive arid entertaining J and this is the view we are invited to in Juftinian's Inftitutipns.
But our prefent bufmefs is not tp give the public an account of the InftituC^ themielves, but of the new edition of them^ hy Mr. Harris.
* In his Dedication, to Sir Geprge Lee, Mr. Harris difplays that modefty- which fb often accompanies re^t learning } and
.. . that
*JuJtiniani tnfliiutlont. 3
that warmth and fpirit, which are the cffe£l of integrity, can- dour, and fcnfe. * '
The Dedication, is followed by this Advertifement.
* This Tranflation of the Inflitutions of the Civil Law into
* Englifli, is principally intended as an introdudlion to Vin-
* ny's edition, and is publifhed on a prefumption, that moft
* young perlbns ^re bcft acquainted with their own language;
* and that the elements of a fcience can never be made too
* efafy to the learner.
* As to the few notes which are added to thi.^ verfion, they
* are chiefly relative to the law of England ; but the Tranf-
* lator thinks it incumbent upon him to declare, that he does
* not print them from any opinion of his ability for fuch an
* undertaking, but merely through an humble hope, that, im-
* perfeS as they are, they may raife the curiofity of the young
* reader to fearch more deeply, and excite him to unite the
* ftudy of the laws of his own countrj', (of which every Eng-
* lifhman ought to have a general knowlege) with the ftudy
* of the civil law, which is univerfalJy allowed to be* the ma-
* ftcr-work of human policy/
Next follows a brief account of the rife and progrefs of the Roman law, illuftrated with fuch notes, remarks, and refe- rences, as render it very authentic, improving, and agreeable.
And then we are prefentcd with tlie li>((itutions themfelves, ' accompanied with Mr. Harris's tranflation, and notes ; and to the whole Is fubjoincd the CXVIIJth novel of Juftinian, divided into three chapters, concerning the order of fuccef- fion, in the original Greek, with a verfion, and notes.
As to the Tranflation, lake the following articles, detached' from various parts of the work.
. From thi F iKST Book. Tit. ix. feft. I . Definitio Nuptiarum,
* Matrimony is a focial contraft between a man and a wo- ^ man, obliging them to an infeparable cohabitation dur*
* ing life {a).
Sc<a. 3. ^ifunt in poteflate.
* The ifllie of yourfelf, and your legal wife, are immedi-
* ately under your own power. Alfo the iflue of a fon and ' fon's wife j that is, cither grand -fons or grand -daughters by
* them, are equally in your power : and the fame may be faid
* of great-grand-cbildren, &c« But children born of a daugh*
(tf) jNoptise aatem, five matrimoniuin, efl viri et malieris con* junclio, individuam vitae confaetudiuem contioens.
B 2 * ter.
^
4,. H A RR I s'x TranJIatm of
< tcr, will not be in your power, but in the power of their
* own father, or father's father (i)/ &c.
Tit. X. feft. 12. Depcenis injujlarum nuptiarum.
< If any perfons prcfume to cohabit together, in contempt .
< of the rules which we have here laid down, they (ball not be
< deemed hufband and wife^ neither ihall their marriage, or
* any portion given on account of fuch marriage, be va)id« ^ And the children born in fuch cohabitation, (ball not be un- .
* der the power of their father. For, in refped to paternal
* power, they refemble the children of a common woman» ^ who are looked upon a$ not having a father, becaufe it is .
< uncertain who he is. They are therefore called in L^tin*,
* fpuriiy and in Greek, aToIopt^, i. e. without a father: and;
< from hence it follows, that, after the diffolutioh of any fucli^
< marriage, no portion, or gift, propter nuptial,. can legally be. ^ claimed. But thofe who contrail fuch prohibited matri- ^ mony^ mufl undergo the farther punifbmeots fet forth in our
* conftitutions {c)*
StSt, 13. De kgiiimauon0»
< It.fometimes happens, that the children, who, at the time.- ^ of their birth, were not under the power of their parents,
< are reduced under it afterwards. Thus, a natural fon, who
< is made a duuriorty becomes fubje<^ to his father's power* ^ And be alfo who is bom of a free woman, with whom mar- ^ riagi?. is not prohibited, will likewife become fubjed to tbcf ^ power of his father, as foon as the marriage inftruments are
* drawn* ^ our confiitution dire^ ; which allows the fame
(h) Qui igitur ex te & uxore taa nafcitur, in tua poteflate eft , Item qui ex fiiio cuo et uxore ejus nafcttur, id efl,- nepos tuus ec neptis, cque in tua funt potefhxe; et prone pos, et prooeptis, et deinceps C2;cen\ Qui autem ex iilia tua nafcunturj in poceAace tua noa fuQC ; led in patris eorum.
(fj Si adverfus ea, quae diximus, aliqiiJ coierent, ncc vir, nee uxor, nee nuptias, nee matrimonium, nee dos intelHgi^or. Ica^e ii, qui ex eo coicu nafcontur, in pocefUte patris non funt: fed tales fpnt (quantum ad pacriam poteAatem pertine;) quales funt. ii, quos mater vuigo concepic. Nam nee hi pacrexn habere intelligootury cum et lis pacer incertus fit; unde loIent^//r//appeliari «a|« ri}t (nra^f, et a?ra7o^c(, quafi fine patre filii. Sequltur ergo, ut, diffota* to tali coicu, ncc docis» nee donationis exafiUoni locus fir; Qm ik* fern prohibitas nnptiat contrahunt, et alias poRtttf paiionciuv qw^ft« criA coniiitutionibus continenior,
< bene-
r
yuftmnrCs InflltutUm. 5
* benefit to tho(e who are born before marriage^ as to thofi;^
* vAo are born fubfequcnt to it/ [i)
Tit. xi« left. 3. i)^ arrogattene impuberis* * When any perfon, not arrived aX puberty, is arrogated by ^ the imperial refcript, the caufe is firff enquired into, that it ^ may be known whether the arrogation is juftly founded, and ^ expedient for the pupil. For fuch arrogation is always ^ mside on certain conditions, and the arrogator is obliged to ' give caution before a public notary, thereby binding him-
* fetf, if his pupil fhould die within the age of puberty, to ' rcftoie all the goods and efFe£b of fuch pupil to thofe who ^ would have fucceed^d him if no arrogation had been made. ^ The arrogator is alfo prohibited to emancipate, unJefs he ^ bas{;iven legal proof, that his arrogated fondeferve*: eman- ^ cipkeion ; ahdeven then he is bound to make full rcftitution
* of aJl things belonging to fuch fon. Alfo if a father, upon ' Ms death-bed bath diijinherited his arrogated Ton, or when ^ ia health hath emancipated him, without ajuftcaufc, then ^ the father is commanded to leave the fourth part of ail his ^ goods to his fon, befldes what fuch fon brought to him at ^ die time of arrogation, and acquired for him afterwards.' {e)
Sed. 7. De adoptione in locum nepotis,
* If any man, who has already either a natural, or an ' adopted fon, is defirous to adopt another, as his grand-fbn,
* the coAfent of his fon, whether naturaf or adopted, ought
* in this cafe to be firft obtained, left zjuus hares, or proper < heir, ihould be intruded upon him. &ut, on the contrary,
* if
(W) Alk|aando autem eventt, ot liberi, qal Hatitn, ut nati funt, in poteftate parenturo non funt, poftea redigamur in potedatem patris : qoalis eft is, qui dum naturalis fuerat, podca curia datus *, pocefhti patris fubjicitur: nee non is, qai, a inuliere libera procreacus, cujus jnatrimonium minime legibus interdi6\um fuerat, fed ad quam jpater confuetudinem habuerat, poUea, ex noftra conftitutione dotalibus inflrumentis compoiicis, in poteOate picris efEcitur. Quod et aliis liberis, qui ex codem raatrimonio fuerint procreacif fimiliter nollift conititatio praebuit.
* CMria datus) The Dccurions were /o called, bccaufe the Caria, or fenate, of the cobnles, was fuppofcd to confift of a tenth part of the people. '
{e) Cum autem impubes per princi pale refcriptum arrogatur, caufa cognita, adrogatio fieri permittitur : et exqueritor caufa arrogationis, an hqnefta lit, expediatque pupiHo ? Ec cum quibufdam condittnni- i^tts arrogaiio fit : id eft, ut caveat arrogator perfonst pablicae, fi
B 3 intra
6 H A R R I s '5 Tranjlatlon-.of
* if a grarul-faihcr is willing to give his grandfon in adoption,
* the confent of the fon is not neceflary.' (f)
Tit. xii. fe<a. 5. De captivitate et po/lUminio.
* If a parent is taken prilbner by the enemy, akho' he thus
* becomes a flavc, yet he loies not his paternal power, which
* remains in fufpcnfe by reafon of a privilege granted to aW
* pri loners ; namely /the right of return. For captives, when
* they obtain their liberty, are repoffeffed of all their former
* rights, in which paternal power, of courfe, muft be included:
* and at their return they arc fuppofed, by a fidVion of law,
* never to nave been abient. If a prifoner dies in captivity,
* his .'on is deemed to have become independent, not from the
* time of the death of his father, but from the commencement of
* his captivity. Alfo if a fon, or grandibn, becomes a prifoner,
* the p')wer of the parent is faid, for the reafon before affigned,
* to be only in fufpcnfe. The term po/ili minium is derived from
* po/i and limen. We therefore aptly ufc the expreliion, rtoer- ^ Jus pojlliminioy when a perfon, who was a captive, returns
* within our own confines.' (g)
From
intra pubcrfatem puplllus decefitrit. reftitnturum fc bona illis, quf, fj adoptip fdtta nontflet, ad fuccrfiionem tjus venturieiTent. Item non alitcr emancipare cum jwteU arr.:^aLor, nifi, caufa cognita, dignus emmcipntione fucric ; ct tunc fua bona ei reddit. Sed, ct fi deccdcns pater tUin cxhseredaverit» vel vivus fine jufta caufa eman- cipaverit, jubeiur quartam par:cm ci bonoruin * fuoruni rclinquere ; videlicet, praeter bona, quae ad pairem adopiivum trandulit, et quo- rum commodum ei poftea acquifivic.
* BoHorum'} Willi us the word gooJj^ does not com prehehd thofe thingb which are in the nature of freehold, or parcel of it ; but de- notes only chatrcls. But in the civil law, the word bona has a greacer latitude, and generally comprehends a man's whole eftate, of whaifoevcr it coufilb.
f/J Scd fi quis nepotis loco adoptct, vel quafi ex filio, quem ha- bec jam adoptaium, vel quafi ex iilo, quem naturalem in fuo potef- late habet, eo cafu et fiiius con fen tire debet, ne ei invito fuus haeres agnafcatur. Sed, ex contra io, fi avus ex fiJio nepotem det in adop- tioncm, non eft ncceffe, filium confenrire.
fgj Si ab hoib'bus captus fuerit parens, quaravis fcrvus bofiium fiat, tamen pendet jus liberoruni, propter jus poftliminii : quia hi qui ab hoilibus capii funt, A reverfi fuerint^ omnia priftina jura re- cipiunt : idcirco reverfus etiam liberos habebit in poteflate : quia poftliminiam fingit eum, qui captus el^ in civitace femper fuiiTe. Si vero ibi deceiTenr, exinde, ex quo captus eft pater, fifius fui juris fuifTe vidctur. Ipfe quoque filius, ncpofve, fi ab hoftibus captus fuerit, fimiliter dicimus, propter jus poftliminii, jus quoque potefta- 9 lis
Jujiiman^s Inftitutkns. 7
From the Second Book.
Tit. i. feft. 26. De accejfume.
' * If any man (hall have interwoven the purple of another
* into his own veflmcnt, then the purple, aftho' it may be ' more valuable, doth yield and appertain to the vcftment by
* accefiion : and he who was the owner of the purple, may
* have an a6l'ion of theft, and a perfonal aft ion, called a con-
* didion, againft the purjolner 5 nor is it of any confeqqence,
* whether the veftment was made by him who committed the
* theft, or by another ; for altho' things which become, as
* it were, cxtIn<St by the change of their form, cannot be rc-
* covered identically, yet a condiftion may be brought for the
* recovery of the value of them, cither againft the thief, or
* againft any other pofieflbr.' {h)
From the Fourth Book.
Tit. V. Introdu^ion.
* If a judge makes a fuit his own, by giving an unjuft de-
' termination, an a£lion of male- feasance will not properly
^ lie againft him : but altho' he is not fubje£l: to an adion of
' male-feazance, or of contraft, yet, as he hath certainly
* committed a faMt, altho' it was not by defign, but through ^ imprudence, and want of (kill, he may be fued by an aftion
* of pj^-male-feazance, and muft fufFer fuch a penalty, which ' feems equitable to the confcience of a fuperior judge.' (/}
tis parentis in fufpcnfo cfle. Diilum autcm eft, poftliminium a limine ec f9ft, Uode cum, qui ab hgdibus capcus ell, ec io fines nottrO" poilea pervenit, poftliminio reverfum rede dicimus. Nam limina ficut in dome linem quendam faciunr, fie et imperii finem cffe Jimen veteres volaerunt. Hinc ct limcn diftum efl, quaii finis qaidam et terminas. Ab eo poftliminium diflum eft, quia et idem limen revcrtebacur, quod amiferac. Sed ec, qui captus vidlis hofti- bus recuperatur, polUiminio rediiiTe exiftimatur.
(b) Si camen alienam parpuram veftimento fuo quit intexuerit, li- cet pretlofior fit purpura, tamen acceflionis vice cedit veftimento : et qui dominus fuit purpuras, adverfus cum, qui furripuit, babet furti adlionem ec condiclionem, five ipfe fit, qui veftimcncuro fecit, five alius. Nam excinclas res licet vindicari non pollinc, coodici tamen a furibus et quibufque aliis pofTeftforibus poftunc.
(f) Si judex litem fuam fecerit, non propric ex maleficio obli- gatos videcur : fed quia neque ex maleficio neque ex concradtu ob- ligatuseft, ec ncique peccafie aliquid intelligitur, licet per improden- tiam, ideo videtur quafi ex maleficio teneri, et in quantum de ea re cquum religioni judicantis videbitur, poenam fuftinebit.
B + The
The fd^goin^ quotations from the Inftitutirins will, in fome meafure, make it appear, that it requires no little know- lege, dexterity, andjudgmcnt, to preferve, in another lan- guage, upon a tah]tA where fo many idiomatic phrafes and technical exprcfiions muft naturally alK>und, thateaPe, dignity, per^icuity, and precif&on, fo cliara£keri{tical of the works of that wife, humane, and learned legiflator, Juftinian y yet (h^ Englifh verfion accompanying thefe qMotations, (hew how far the graces of an original may be transfufed into a copy. We fliali only add, that if, in thefe citations from Juftinian, ^ny paiTagcs appear difficult, there are hundreds of the fame turn throughout the work, which Mr. Harris hath everywhere elucidated with equal propriety and clearnefs ; and where note^ and authorities are requifite for the explanation of terms, he introduces them, but in a concife manner, juft to anfwec the purpofe, and without the vain frippery of fuperfluous learning.
We now proceed to give our readers a tranfient view of Mr. Harris in his capacity of commentator j and (hall here obferve the fame method as we did above, taking our extrafts from Mr. Harris's notes, according to the order in which they prefent themfclves in the feveral books : and tho' we are obhged, by the nature of our pkin, entirely to omit many ; yet wc omit none becaufe it is trifling, for there are none fuch exhibited by our editor.
Amongft many other inftruftive and judicious remarks, die following make their appearance in the First Book.
Tit. 3. Introdui^ion. The firjt central divifton of perfons^ in refpe£l to their rights^ is into Fr£EM£N and Slaves*
Mr. Harris's Note upon this is, * Tenure in vilknage^ was
* formerly a common tenure in England, and thofe who held
* by it were called vi/leinsj from the word vilja^ a farm. They ^ were obliged to perform the mod fervil^ offices, and their
* condition did not differ from that of ilavcs ; for both they
* and their children were the abfolute property of their Lords,
* who might Icafe them out toothers for years, or for life, or
* make an abfolute fale of them.
* Of villeins there were two forts, viz. villeins regardant to
* a manor, and villeins in grofs.
* Villeins regardant^ ar gleha adfcriptiiiiy were bound to
* their Lord as Members, belonging and annexed to the ma-
* nor, of which their Lord was the owner. Villeins in grofs ^ were fuch who were not appenceut to any manor> or lands,
' but
r
JifiinMs Ipifiitutkns* 9
* bM belonged Ibleiy to the perfoa pf their Lord, and bis ^ heirs. And note, z villein mi^t bcmme a villein in grcf$
< bj Neicription, by being granted away, or by confeffionw
• Tenures in vilUrtagi were wholly taken away by a ftatute ^ in die twelfth year of Charles the Second, by which all te-
* Aiires were turned into free and common focage : but it is
< obfervable, that long before this ad, in which no notice is « taken of villeins in grofs^ there were very few villeins in
* England ; for the laft cafe concerning villenage to be found
< in any of the law*books, is that of Crouche, in the tenth
* year of Qyeen Elizabeth.' I^V^r, 226. b. pi. ij.
/ And it is remarkable, that Sir Thomas Smith, who was
< one of the principal Secretaries of State, firft to King £d-
< ward the Sixth, and afterwards to Queen Elizabeth, writes
< thus in his republic. ^* That he never knew of any villeins ^< ingrofs in hisCime, and that villeins appendent to manors «< were but very few in number : that, imce England has re* ^' ceived the Chriftian religion, men began to be affe£led in ^^ dieircon(ciences at holding their brethren in fervitude; and << that upon thb fcruple, in procefs of time, the holy fathers, ^ monk39 and friais, fo burdened the minds of thofe whonn ** they confefled, that temporal men were glad to manumit all « their villains."
But he addii, ^^ that the holy fathers themfelves did not ma- *< numit their own flaves, and that the Bifhop behaved like *< the other eeclefiafiics ; but at laft fome Bifhops infran- '^ cbifed their villeins for nioney, and others on account of ^^ popular outcry ; and that at length, the monafteries falling *< into lay hands, were the occafi^n, that almoft all the viU << leins in the kingdom are now manumitted." Smith's Repub. cap. 10.
< But it muft not here be omitted, that even now, upon a ^ prefuiriptiQii of neceility, the EnglUh permit flavery in the *' Plantations ; and this may lead the reader to enquire, whe«
< ther a negro, brought ioto England, where flaves are cer<»
* tainly not necefiary, 0zall (till continue to be a ilave, ;tnd be ^ recoverable at law, if he quits the (ervice of his mafier i
* As to this queftion, . it feems to be a fettled point, that an ^ action of trover will not lie for a 9^ro, becau& she owner
< has not an abfolute property in his negro. To as to kill him
* as he could an oj;. SAtK. 666. Smith^ v. Gou^D. Lord
* Raymqnp^ 1274* And there has been fomed<Dubt, as to
< an action of trefpafs, but the more prevaleAC and \>^Xttx Qpi«
* ttion is, that a fpecial aclion of treipafs, per quod firvitium
* Mr^4, will Ue in favour^of a mafter ; fo chat if property in
\ * a nc-
lO Ha R R I s'x Tratjflation of
^ a negro can be fully proved, he will not be able to tnaiht^rl
* his liberty by baptifiD) or reiidence in England.'
Tit. 10. Introduflion. The cUixens of Rome contraH valid matrimony^ when tbeyfollov) the precepts of the law ; the males when they arrive at puberty y and the females when they attain to a marriageable age. The males, if they are the fons of a family y muji firjl obtain the confent of the parents under wboft power they are*
Part of Mr, Harris's note on this. * Puberty is cfteemed bjr
* the law of England, as well as by the civil law, to commence
* in males at fourteen complete, and in females at tweNc.
* But in England, perfons may legally enter into matrimony
* before puberty : and a female, when (he has completed her
* ninth year, is entitled to dower, altho' her hulband at his
* death was but feven, or even four years of age. Co. LiTT.
* P«3'** 33*' 40 a. But when there is a marriage beford
* puberty, the woman may diffent from it, *' at twelve, 01* *' after, and the man at fourteen, or after ; and there needs no " new marriage, if they fo agree : but difagree they caimot,' •' befoe the faiJ ages, and then they may difagree, and marie" *^ againe to others, without any divorce : and, if they once af- *' ter give confent, they can never difagree after. If a man *^ of the age of fourteen marie a woman of the age of ten, at *' her age of twelve he may as well d fagree as (he may, tho* *' he were of the age of confent ; becaufe in contrafls of ma- " trimony, either both muft be bound, or equal eledlion of ** difagreement given to both ; and fo, e converfo^ if the wo- •' man be of the age of confent, and the man under." Co* LiTT. p. 78 b. 79 a.
' But in contrafls de futuroy the law is totally different..
* For a contradl de futuro is of no force, if both the parries
* are under the age of twenty-one; but, if one of the parlies
* is twenty- one complete, the contract will be binding to that
* party. Holt. v. Ward. Trin. 5. G. 2.
* The law of England requires the confent of parents, or < guardians, to the marriage fo their children, or wards, wh(^
* are under the age of twenty- one years. See the Canons of
* 1603. Can. 62, 63, 100, lor, &c. ^ ^
* But the Penalty in confequence of the marriage of a mi- ^ nor, without the confent of his parents or guardians, was
* chiefly, levelled at the minifter> who was liable to be fuf-^
* pended for three years ; for altho' the confent of parents or ' guardians was required, previous to the marriage of minors,
* yet if the marriage had been celebrated by a prieft, without
' fuch
1
r
yuftiniazCs Infiuutions, ij
^ fuch confent, it was always held to be valid and bindings
^ and from hence fome bad men among the clergy took occV
*- fion to do much mifchief, by marrying ail who offered thenr-
* fclves 5 whofe numbers daily increafed by the ftriianefs of the ^ ecclefiaftical officers in granting licences, and the obedience
* of the clergy in general to the canons of the church.
* It was therefore thought neceflary, in the reign of King « William the Third, to enaft, ** that every parfon, who (hall ** marry any pcrfon without banns or licence, or (hall Icnow- ** ingly permit any other minifter to marry any perfons, in ** any church, or chapel, to fuch parfon belonging, (hall for- ** feit lOO pounds, one moiety to his Majefty, and the other ** to the informer. And that every man fo married, fhall ** forfeit ten pounds, and that every fexton or parifti clerk " affifting, fhall forfeit five pounds." 7 and 8 William III.
« And in the tenth year of Queen Anne, it is farther cnacled
* by ftatute, " that if a parfon, vicar, or curate, is in prifon, ** and the goaler fliall knowingly permit fuch clergyman to " celebrate marriage, before publication of banns, or licence " obtained, he (hall forfeit 100 pounds." 10 Anne, cap. 19. fed. 176.
* But thefc laws, ftrift as they may appear, were yet found,
* by experience, to be ineffeftual : for thofe of the clergy, who
* were capable of offending, had feldom any (brt of prefer-
* ment, fo that fufpenfion to them could be little or no pu*
* ni(hment j and when the- ftatutes were enforced, it generally
* happened that the profecutor.was the greateft fufferer, thro'
* the poverty of the party profecuted j fo that the infufficiency
* of all thefe laws to effeft the good purpofcs for which they
* were intended, rendered it abfolutely ncceffary to make a *' law which, if I may be allowed the expreffion, (hould exe- « cutcitfdf.
* This law is the ftatute of the 26th of King George the ^ Second, by which it is ordained, in imitation of the Roman
< law, (and n6t in contradidion to any divine precept. See
< Milton's TetrachordoQ.) *^ that all marriages celebrated <^ without banns, or licence firft had, (hall be null and void ** to all intents and purpofes : and the clergyman who (ball
*** be proved to have folemnized any fuch marriage, (hall be ** tranfported to fome of his Majefty*s plantations in America ** fourteen years." for a6. George II.
Frm
^
« HAKHls^jTranJIationof
Fr^m the Secokd Book.
Tit. I. fcft. 39. // bath been alkwed by the Emperor Adrian^ in purfuance rf natural equity^ that any treafure which a man finds in hts own lands^ Jhatt become the property of the finder^ He.
The Note. * Trearures naturally belong, to the fiijdcr :
* that is, to him who moves them from the pkce where the^
* are, and fecures them ; yet nothing forbiik, but that the laws
* and cuftoms of any country may ordain otherwife, Plato '
* was defirous, that notice fliould be given to the magiftrates,
< and that the oracle fhould be confulted : and ApoUonius,
< looking upon a treafure found as a particular bleffing from
< Heaven, adjudged it to the beft man. The Hebrews ^ve it
* to the owner of the ground where it was found, as may be
< gathered fromChrift's parable. Matt. xiii. 44. And that the
< Syrians did the iame, we may infer fsom a ftory io l^hilo-
< ftratus, lib. vi. cap. 16. The laws of the Roman £mpe-
* rors are very various upon this fubje£i, as appears partly
< from their conflitutions, and partly from the hiftories of
* Lampridius, Zonarus, and Cedrcnus. The Germans a-
< warded treasures found, and indeed all other ais^wila (i. e.
* things without an owner) to their prince -, which is now
< grown fo common, that it may pafs for the law «f nations ; ^ for it is now obierved in Germany, France, Spain, Den*
* mark, and England : where treafure*trove is underfiood to ^ be any gold or fiiver, in coin, plate, or bullion, which hath ^ been of antient time hidden ; and wherefoever it is found, if ' no perfon can prove it to be his property, it belongs to the
* King, or his grantee. A concealment of treaAirc-trove is ^ now only punifhed by fine and imprifonment ; but it appears
< from Glanvill and Bradon, that occubatio thefittiri inventi
< frauduhfa was formerly an offence (mnKhable with death.' 3 Co. Inftit. 132, 1 33. Cuftum de Norm. cap. 18. Grot, de Jur. Belle et Pac. ). ii. cap. 8. fee. 7.
Tit. 10. feft. ir. Bta we refufe not the te/{imony,rf h^etariei andtrujiees^ (tndofthoje who are allied to them^ &c. That part of the Note which we introduce here is, * But
* by the pra<3ice of the ecclefiafiicat courts of this kingdonn^
* which have the fole cognizance of the validity of all wills
< as far as they relate to perfonal eftate, no legatee, who is
* a fubfcribed witncfs to the will, by which he is bene-
* fitted, can be admitted to give his teftimoiiy in foro contra^
* diiiorio^ as to the validity of that will, till either the value
• . of
yuftiniaffs InJUtutions: 13
< of the leg2CY hath been paid to him, or he hath renounced « itj and, in Cafe of payment, the executor of the (iippofcd ^ ivill rouft releafe all title to any future claim upon fuch fup-
< pofed legatee, who mi^htotherwife be obliged to refund, if ' the win Ihouldbe fet aiide; and a releafe in this cafe is al-
< ways made, to xht intent, that t\^e legatee may have no
* (badow of intereft at the time of making his depofition.
* SwiKB. 397. The fame praftice alfo prevailed at common ^ law, in regard to witneffes who were benefitted under wills
* difpoiing of real eftate. And if a legatee, who was a wit-
* nefs to a will, had reftifed either to renounce his legacy, or
< to be paid a fum of money in lieu of it, he could not have ^ been compeHed by law to diveft himfelf of his intereft ; and ^ whilft his intereft continued, his teftimony was ufeiefs : and ^ this was determined in the aife of Anftey vers. Dowfing, in
< £aft«r-term, 19 Geo* IL
Tit. 23. fe£l!. 2. Wi mufi hereolferut^ thai then U an ahfohot
neceffity of afpointtng an heir in dire£f terms to every tejia^
menty Cffc.
Here the. Note places our own pra£lice in a comparative view witj^ that of Rome.
^ The ftibftamial and eilbitial past of every teftament is^
< theappofatmentof aiT- executor ^ for in England, if a man
< bequeaths ever fo many legacies, and appoints no eaeecirtor, ^ fuch a difpofition may be called a codicil or a/ will, but not ^ ateflament; and,, therefore, be, who mad^ fuch a difpo* ^ iitton, ihajl be deemed to have died without a teftament^ ^ and the adminiftration of his goods, with the will annexed^
< fliall be committed to his widow or nex-t of lun, as in.tfao
< cafe of an inteftate/ Swinb. part iv. f«c, 2*
Tit. ^xv. fcft. 2. Attt an inheritance can neither be^ given nor taken aw0y By codicily ^c.
Upon tWs too, the latter part of theNot.e, which we here tranfcribe, points out the variation of our own practice from the Roman.
* In England the appoihtment of an executor makes th^
* only difference between a teftdihent and a codicit; and this
* difference is litdc more than nominal; for whatever may ^ be done by the one, may alfo be done by the other; fo that ^ a condition may be impofed, an eftate may be given, or an
* heir difinherited, as well by codicil as by teftament ; and •"'even land* may be difpoftd of by a.codicil< if it is figned ^ by thedeceafe^ and attefteid by three witneiK^ in his pre* ^'feqrce^ th6' the decdafl^ Itfr no teftamtntj (for acodidl,
• in
14 . HkViKis's TraftJIaiion of.
* in Its true fenfe, denotes any teftamentary fchedulc, and, ^ may (land fingly, without relation to any other paper {) and
* even where there is a teftament, difpofihg of real cftate>
* that teftament may be altered or revoked by a codixrij pro-
* perly executed. And where perfonal eftate only is be- ' queathed, the fame degree of 'proof will eftablifti either a
* teftament or a codicil ; and the one may revoke or con-
* firm thfe other, either wholly or in part, according to its
* refpeftive contents.
Se£l. 3. Codicils require no fokmnity, ' ^ In England (fays Mr. Harris, in the latter paEt of his* Note on this place) there is, in this refped, no dLftinftion
* between a teftament and a codicil ; for either m^y ht fup-
* ported by an equal number of witnefTes : — two arc regu-
* larly required to a teftament, and the fame number is alfo
< required to a codicil ; but if either a teftament, or a codi-^
* cil, contains a devifeof a real eftate, three witnefles are in-
* difpenfably neceffary by ad of parliament. Vid. 29 Car. II.
* cap. 3.
From the Third Book.
Tjti X. Introdufiion. *The right of fucceeding by the pojfejjion of goodsy was introduced by the PratoVy in amendment of the-
, ancient lawy feV. We infert only part of Mr. Harris Note, viz. , i
V In Eng!anti, eftates in general may be divided into two
* forts, reai and perfonal 5 and fucceffions to thefe two dift'er-
* ent kinds of eftates, are governed by different rules of law,
< But it is neceffary to premife, that by r^/?/ eftate is com- ^ monly meant, an eftate in land in fee ; i. e. defcendibic ^ from a man to his heirs for ever : and that by perfonal eftate
* are meant, eftates in land ^determinable upon years, money f in the funds, or upon mortgages, plate, jewels, &c. and
* that fuch perfonal cdaitc is generally comprehended, in techni- ^ cal and artificial language, under the terms goods znd chat- t tels. Now in real eftates there is no room for the bonerum
* P^Jf^JP^ ^^ ^^^ Roman law to take place in England j for
* all luch eftates veft in and defcend inftantly to the heir, at
* the death of his anceftor; but in regard to goods and chat^
* tels^ the office of the ordinary or ecclefiaftical judge, feems
* to be finiilar to that of the Roman Praetor, in granting the,
* poflefficn of goods. For, when a man dies, who has dif-^ ' pofed of his perfonal eftate by teftament, the heirs or cxe«, ^ cutors, appointed by that tenament, muft prove it,b,efor^ ' ■ * >•-... ' « aa
r
Jujiinian^s Infthutions, f 5
* an ecclefiaftical judge, who, by granting probate, glares the ^ pofieifion of goods to the executors fecundum tabuUa^ ac-
* cording to the will, or at leaft confirms them in the pof&f- « fion already takcir. Cow£l. h. I. And, when any per- c fofl dies inteftate, the ordinary (by virtue of 31 Edw. III.
< chap. xi. and 21 Hen. VIII. chap, v.) grants the pofleffion
< and adminiftration of the inteflate's goods to the widow
< or next of kin to fuch inteftate, or to both, at his difcre*
< tion, &c.
from the Fourth Book.
Tit i. feft. V. The ftnaby of committing a manifiji theft is quadrupUy tuhether the thief is free or bond^ t^c.
We (hall much contradl the Note upon this ; yet ftill it will appear very ufeful.
* Theft, or larciny, is, by the law of England, divided ^ into (imple and mixed larciny. Simple larciny is divided ^ into grand and petit. Grand larciny is committed when f the thing ftolen is above the value of twelve pence ; petit 5 larciny is committed when the thing ftolen is of the value of \ twelve|>ence only, or under. The nature of the offence is *• the fame in both, but the punifhment of the firft is death and
< lofs of goods, and the puniihment of the latter is lofs of
* goods and whipping, but not death. But in grand larciny, f the jury may find the goods ftolen of lefs value than twelve \ pence, and fo convid the prifoner of petty larciny only, f H£TL£Y. 66. And this is often done.
^ Mixed larciny, or robbery, is a violent taking away of
* money or goods from the perfon of a man, putting him in \ fear, be the value of the thing taken above or under the va- ^ lueof one (hilling : the puniihment is death, and forfeiture ^ of all his eftate. • A felonious entering into a man's houfe ^ in the night time, with an intent to commit felony, as to ^ ftcal fomething, whether fuch intention is executed or not, ^ is termed bursary, from the Saxon word burgh, a houfe, \ and laroii, at(ieft«
*. And if fuch offence is committed in the day-time, it is ^ called houfe-breaking. Vid. 3 Co. inft. 64. and Hale's « Hift. t>f the Pleas of the Crown, — ^&c.
* As to the f eftitution of ftolen goods, there are three ways « of obtaining it, viz. By appeal of robbery or larciny. — ay *' the ftatuteof 21 Hen. VlIL cap. xi. — And by the courfe of ' common law.
' Upoti an appeal, if the party appealed againft was con- ^ vifted, a reftitution of the goods contained in the appeal,
• was
^
%6 Harris'/ Tranflation of
^ was of courfe made to die appellant ; and hence it is, diat*
< eoods omitted in ah appeal, ^e regarded as forfeited to the
< King.
< But the flatute of 21 Hen. Vm. cap* ». iirtroduced' a
* new law, for the reftitution of ftolen goods, — ordaining, ^ That if any perfen do rob or take a^ieay the goods of any *^ of the King's fiibjeAs within the realm, and be indiSedg ^' and found guilty by the evidence of the party fo robbed, ^' or owner of the goods, or by the evidence of any oilier ** by their procurement, then the party robbed fhall be re- ^* ftored to his money, or goods, and the Juftices before •• whom the felon is found guilty, {hall have power to award ** writf of reftittttiorr, in like manner as though the felon was ^* attainted at the fait of the party in an appeal."
< For before this ftatute there was no reftitutionr apon an in* ' * dijAment, but only apon an appeal.
^ Reftitution by courfe of law,, is either by taking thef ^ goodft floleny or by action. As to retaking thom ; if J
* littak the goods of B and B takes hi9 goc^s again* with
* intent to favour the thief, this is pimiihaUe by fine and kki- ^ prtfomneitt ; hot if be takes them without fueh idttnt, thd ^ takitig is juftifiabfe.
^ The party robbed may alfo proceed by adion^ for the
* recovery of his money or goods, if he hath profecuted the
* bw againft the ofTender. For example, if A fteals the
< goods of By viz, 50 1. in money, and is conviSeA* and hath
* his clergy upon the pi^fecution of B ; and B afterwards
* brings a trover and converfion for rhk 50K and, upon not « gaiky pleaded, the fpecial matter is found* reftitution will
* be adjudged to the Plaintiff, who hath already done his « duty \n profecuting the law againft thd robber, fo that the
* commonwealth can receive no injury ; but it hath been ^ held,, that if a man fetonioufly fteafe gdOds, and before
* profecution by indi<5tfiftcnt, the party robbed brings an adti-
* on of trover, it will not lie ; for, by fuch a praAice^ felo-
< nies might be compounded. Hal£'s HiftT. of the Pleas of « the Crown, p. 546.'
l^it. iii. fe£i. 2. jfnd^ therefore j he is net fuije£i to the laWf who kills a robber y or an ajfajfin^ if there was tu other way^ of avoiding the danger threatened,
* Ic is now provided/ (ayar Mr. Harris, * by 24, Hen. VIH.
< chap. X. ** that if any perfon is indiftcd, or appealed for fhd ^^ death- of any evil dHpofed perfons attempting to mwrdtr, «« rob^. or' break aaAfion^hoofcsy the peribn- (b indided oi*
« ap-
r
^uJiifdofCs InflUuticns* \J
<^ appealed, dnd by verdift fo found, (ball not forfeit anjr <^ lands or goods, but fliall Ui thereof acquitted, in like man- *' ner as if he had been acquitted of the death of the faid eviU *« di^fed perfons*\
< But this ftatute extends not to indemnify the. killing a
< felon, when the felony is not accompanied, with force $ for
* it fpeaks of robbery ; therefore the killing a man who only
* attempts to pick a packet, is not within the zGt ; becaufe* ^ there can, in fuch a cafe, be no necelficy to kill. Haie's
< Hift.of the Pleas of the Crown, vol. I. p. 488.
Tit, iv. fc3. r. // isalf9 manifift^ that an injury may be com^ nutted by writing a defamatory Ubely foem^ or hiftory^ i^c.
The Note here. « A libel, according to the definitions given of it in the Law of England, is a malicious defamation, exprefled ei- ther in words or writing, or by figns, pidures, &c. tend- ing either to blacken the memory of one who is dead, or the reputation of one who is living. 5 Co. rep. deLibellis fa- mofis, p. 125.—
< In England the puniflimentmay be by fine, pillory, or whipping, when the offender is proceeded againfl *by indid- ment, or information ; but in a civil adion, the punifh-^ ment founds only in cofls and damages. But as tomece words of defamation, they are at common law not a£tion- able, except when they have been of real damage and inju- ry to the perfon fpoken againfl \ for mere contumely is of but little confideration \ and the ecclciiaftical courts may be prohibited, by the temporal courts,, froqi proceeding in a caufe of defamation, when the fuit is not wholly of a fpi- ritual nature : as for calling a man a heretic, Tchifmaticy adulterer, fornicator, ^* 4 Oo» rep. p, 20. Palmer v« Thoilpb.*
Tit Vi feA. 3k ^l$e ma/hr of a Jhip^ tavern^ or inn^ is liable f9 be fued for a quafi-mn// /eazance^ on account of every da^ mage^ or tbeftj done or committed in any of thefe places^ by bimfetf or b$s fervemts^ (jTr.
NOTB.
* By the law of England an inn-keeper fhall be charged,
* if there is any default in him or his fervants, in keeping ^ the goods of a gueft ; for an innholder is bound by law, to
* keep them fafe; and it is no excufe to fay, that he delivered
< the gueft the key of the chamberdoor, and that the gueft
* left it open. And altho* the gueft does not deliver his goods
* to the innholder to keep, yet, if they are ftolen, even 1 by
* perfons unknown, die innholder is chargeaUej for, indiis REVIEW, July 1756. C * cafe
l8 A Vindication »f Natural Society.
< cafe, either tbe innholder» or his fervants, are in fault for ^ their negled. 8 Rep. 32* Calye's cafe*'
Tit. vi. fe^. 21. AU aSiions are for the JingU^ double^ triple^ ' §r quadruple value of the thing in litigation ; for no a^ion ex^
tends farther.
Here the Note is.
« On feme aSions, nothing more is given bjr die law of ^ Endand, than the bare damages fuftained; as in a6tionsof
< tremafs ; — ^but double and triple damages are given in many
* cafes ; and even tenfold daniages are recoverable againft a
* juror who receives a bribe for bringing a verdi£l« 38
* Edw. III. cap. xii. Cowel, h. 1/
Here we may end our Review of Mr. Harris's Tranfla- tion and Notes upon the Inftitutions of Juftinian ; a work peculiarly adapted for the improvement of the young Student in Law, for whofe fervice it feems principally to have been intended; but worthy alfo the perufal of every Gentleman, who would form a juft notion of the civil policy of the Ro- mans, and obtain, at the fame time^ a comparative view of our owq.
A Vindication of Natural Society : or^ a View of the Afiferies and Evils arijing to Mankind from every species of Arti* fictal Society. In a Letter to Lord ♦»*♦♦. By a late Nolle fVriter. Jfvo. is. 6d. Cooper.
THE pamphlet intitled as above, and tdntatning orie hundred and fix pages^ is introduced by this Adver* tifement. ! The following Lctter^ppears to have been write;i about
< the year 1748, and the perfon to whom it is addreflec), need / not be pointed out. As it is probable the noble Writer
* had no defign that it (hould ever appear in public, this will
* account for his having kept no copy of it, and cdhfequent-
< ly for its not appearing among the reft of his works. By ^ what means it came into the hands of the editor, is not at
* all material to the public, any further than as fuch ' an ac-
* count might tend to authenticate the genulnenefs of it; and « for this it was thought it might fafely rely on Its own inter-
* nal evidence,'
The Author's apparent deHgn is to excite, in his readers, an abhorrence of all kinds of civil government and politic
inftitutions.
r
A Vin£cailm rf Natural SKtHy* i^
inftittttions. He maintains, in a very animated and declama* tory manner, that civil afibciationa among mankind, are form* cd and entered into merely to effeA the mutual deftru^on of cadi other ^ that men naturally hate one another, for belong^* ingto feparate focieties; that every where the politician is a chara£br odious and deteftable ; that all governments muft firequently infringe the rules of juftice, to fupport themielves % that diey are a violation upon nature ; and that even when heSt adminiftered, they muft have recourfe to fanguinary mea- fiires; that governments, or artificial focieties, reduce ineti into three daSes, the poor, the powerful, and the rich ; that by them the poor are enflaved, infulted, and opprefled ; the powerful tormented with internal anguifh, through never cea-^ ling avarice,.ambition, fear, and jealouiy; and the rich ren- dered miferable through a weak valetudinary ftate of body, ^md through pains and difeafes too feverely felt, tho' brought upon them by luxurious pleafures fcarcdy felt at all. Thefe sure die gpneral obfervations, difpofed in different parts of the Letter, and expatiated upon with much feeming fmcerity and warmth* But the topics which principally employ the pre* tended zeal and ardour of this Writer, and which glow and daszle through moft of his pages, are; ift. The flaughter and deftrudion infli^ed upon mankind by war ; 2dly, the oppreffive nature of government, whether Defpotic, Ariflo- craticai, Democratical, or mixed ; and, 3dly, the chica- nery aiul delay of Law* War is defcribed, not as the acd- dental, but as the neceflary confequence of embracing civil life. And tho' the Letter- Writer, in his retirement, ieems to have had no other hiftorical book in his poileiBon, except Juftin, y^t he makesi fliift to run over the warlike atchieve- ments of mankind from the days of Sefoftris, King of Egypt, in a continued detail, down to the times incluitve or the Goths and Vandals. He marks the extent of the carnage, and calculates the numbers of the flain. This takes up about twenty pages. By his computaion the total of thofe murdered in the field, within the period he confines himfelf to, amounts to forty millions. The total therefore^ of thofe killed in bat- tle, from the beginning of the world to the time in which he wrote, viz. about the year 1748, he fuppofes may modeflly be put at a thoufand times as much, that is, at forty thoufand millions, and, to this, adding the havock, calamity, and de* ftrudion attending war, to wit, famine, difeafe, peftilence, and maSacres in cold blood, he thinks he may faiiiy double the laft total, and place to the account of civil policy, the flaughter and extirpation of eighty thoufand millions. And
C % as
.ftO A Vindication of Natural Society*
as the number of men exiftirtg at a time upon the earth never exceeds five hundred millions, the political flaughter of man* kind muft, he obferves, even upon this fcanty calculation, equal, at leaft, a hundred and fixty times the number of fbul^ thb day on the globe. In declaiming againft the feveral forms of government, he employs forty pages. Thefe afford us much more entertainment than the former, becaufe they are not only lively, but inftrudiive. The fe verity and rigour of Defpotifm, the inflexible artifice of Ariftocratical oppreffion, the confufion, giddinefs, and madnels of Democracy, and the flaws of mixed Monarchy, particularly of our own, are ftrongly and fenfibly expofed ; and we meet with fome particu- lars concerning Denmark, Poland, Venice, Athens, Sparta, and Rome, that are interefting, curious, and well adapted to thefubjed. The invedivc againft Law, abounds alfo in juft fatire, and is the more acceptable, becaufe, in many refpe£ts, it ftrikes entirely home at abufes or defaults of that kind a* mong ourfelves. This is comprifed in about eleven pages. If we except what he advances upon the firft of thefe three topics, his premiiTes are generally true ; but the confequence he draws from them, obvioufly falfe : fo that were this Writer in earneft, in reafoning as he does, he could contribute but very little to the fpread of error ; fo confpicuous Would his defeA of Judgment be, amidfl all his knowlcge and vivacity*
But this Writer is really guildefs of the abfurd attempt of infpiring into the breads of m^n an averfion to fociety, and a deteflation of government. All we can think he aims at, is, to to make his readers imagine, that a late noble Writer is the au- thor of this piece ; and that the late noble Writer was as wild, extravagant, and whimfical in his politics, as in his religious meditations ; or, at leaft, that his manner of reafoning on religious fubjefts, would, when applied to any other fubjeSv particularly to politics, appear plainly to be vain, unfa- tisfaftory, and ridiculous. We commend, and highly ap- prove of, every generous effort in favour of Truth ; and had this gentleman, inftead of pretending himfelf to be a certain deceafed Lord, whofe manner, in fome degree, he has af- fumed, and for whom he would pafs, by an appeal to what he calls the internal evidence of the Letter itfelf, been fo can- did as to own, that he only wrote in the manner of the late Noble Writer, there had remained nothing more for us to do, than to have informed the public, of the nature of the per- ' forman ej and to have applauded the Writer for his good in- tentions.
But,
r
A Vindication of Natural Society. %i
But, as it is our cuftom, when we imagine a work of me- rit lies before us, to prefent a tade of it to our readers, we {ball fronclude with an cxtrad fufficient to difplay this Writer's ta- lent at imitation ; wbilft, at the fame time, it lays open his xea] defign.
• Revolve our. whole difcourfe ; add to it all thofe refl^fli- ons which your own good underfianding (hall fuggeft, and make a ftrenuous effort beyond the reach of vulgar philofo- phy, to confefs, that the caufe of Artificial Society is more defenceleis even than that of Artificial Religion; that it is as derogatory from the honour of the Creator, as fub» verfive of human reafon, and productive of infinitely more mifchief to the human race.
* If pretended revelations have caufed wars where they were oppofed, and flavery where they w^ere received, the pretended wife inventions of politicians have done the fame. But the flavery has been much heavier, the wars far more bloody, and both more univerfal by many degrees. Shew me any mifchief produced by the madnefs or wickednds of Theologians, and I will ihew you an hundred refulting from the ambition and villainy of Conquerors and Statefmen. Shew me an abfurdity in Religion, I will undertake to fhew you an hundred for one in Political Laws and Inftitutions. If you fay that Natural Religion is a fufficent guide, with- out the foreign aid of revelation, on what principle (hould political laws become necefTary ? Js not the fame reafon available in Theology and in Politics ? If the laws of Na- ture are the laws of God, is it confiftent with the Divine Wifdom, to prefcribe rules to us, and leave the enforce- ment of them to the folly of human inftitutions ? Will you follow Truth but to a certain point ? We are indebted for all our miferies to our diftruft of that guide, which Pro- vidence thought fufficient for our condition, our own natu- ral reafon, which rejed^ing both in human and divine things, we have given our necks to the yoke of political and theo- logical flavery^ We have renounced the prerogative of man, and it is not wonderful that we fhould be treated like beafts. 3ut our mifery is much the greater, as the crime we commit in reje£ting the lawful dominion of our reafon is greater. If, after all, you fliould eqnfcfs all thefe things, yet plead the neceffity of political inftit^tion^, weak and wicked as they are, 1 can argue with equal, perhaps fupe- rior, force, concerning the neceffity of artificial religion; and every ftep you advance in your argument, you add a ftrepgth to mine. So that if we are rcfolved to fubmit our
C 3 ♦ reafon
^
12 T A Y L O R 'i Hebrew Concordance*
^ reafon and our liberty to civil ufurpation, wc have nothing ^ to do but to conform, as quickly as we can, to the vulgar
< notions which are conneSed with this, and take up their ^ theology as well as their politics, fiut if we think this ne-
< ceffity rather imaginary than real, we fhould renounce their * dreams of Society, together with their vifions of Religion,
< and vindicate ourfelves into perfect liberty/
The Hebrew Concordance adapted to the EngVtJh Bible \ difpofed after the Manner of Buxtorf. In two Folumes. By John Taylor, of Norwich^ Folio, Vol. I.* Waugh, &c.
THIS IS one of the moft laborious and moft ufeful worlp ever publifhed for the advanccnlcnt of Hebrew know- lege, and the underftanding the text of the Old Teftamcnt as it is In the original. It is a Grammar, Lexicon, and Con- cordance ; and fo contrived as to be of great fcrvice to the £ngli(h reader, giviiig him an advantage he never had before, for underftanding the Scriptures, by enabling him to judge of the fenfe of the oridnal Hebrew.
Marcus MarinusBrFxianus, a Venetian, publifhed a Thefau- rus of the Hebrew language, in Latin, which, like this before us, ferved the learner for a Diflionary and Grammar, as well as a Concordance : it is a very valuable book called Area Noa» In this, as in Mr. Taylor's, the primary fenfe of words is given, and that with freedom and impartiality, radicibus urn- cam et genuinam Jignificationem dedimus^ ex quipendeant cater a velper tranjlationemvel per metaphor am^ in qua re nequaqucim juravimus tn alicujus verba. He had finifhed this work, as appears by the dedication, the very year, 1581, in which Froben publifhed a fecond edition of R. Nathan's Concord- ance. To affifl begiimers Brixianus has inferted many infie6l- ed words, where mere was any difficulty in difcovering the roots. In the year 1748, his Annotations upon the Pfalms were publifhed at Bononia, in 2 volumes 4to. in which there are many curious and critical obfervations.
Wc have been more particular in our account of the wri- tings of Brixianus, as Kf r. Taylor has not mentioned him. And, indeed, the Venetian hlis more merit, as a Critic and Grammarian, than as a writer of a Hebrew Concordance : in which lafl chara<^er he may be rather faid to have colleAed
* This firfl volume was printed in 1754, the fecond is not yet
publiOied.
the
r
T A Y t o R V Helriw Cwcordanci. 43
the principal paiTages in which eveiy word occurs, than (a have wrote a compkat Concordanee. Mr. Taylor's book has all the advantages over that by Brixianus, without anv of its defeds ; and is, befides, adapted to the Englifli Bible, and the purpofes of an Englilh reader.
As a Concordance, Mr. Taylor's performance certainly exceeds that of Marius de Calaiio, yet the latter will have its ufe, as it contains the variations of the Septuasint and vulgar Latin, and gives the Syriac and Arabic words uat agree with each Hebrew root, tho' very often foulty in this laft particular. There are Ibme Hebrew words of iingular occurrence, whofe fignificadons are heft explained by comparing them with the fame words in the Arabic. Kimchi fays, that the kabbi's would not have known that *^3n^ iignified thy bunUn^ if they had not heard an Arabian Merchant make ufe of the (aitie expref-* 0n, in directing a burden to be put on the back of a cameL In proper names, and many other cafes, it is not to be doubt* ed, but die Arabic, and other Oriental Dialed, are of great iiie in explaining many Hebrew words. The book of Job and of Proverbs, and, indeed, every book in the Old Tefta- oicnt, is a proof of it. They who have the Lexicon Hebra* icum SeleOum Joban* CMii^ or manuicript copies of the learn^ ed Schulten's Hebrew Lexicon, have fuch inftances of the utility of the Arabic, in the interpretation of Scripture, as muft evince the unr^onablenefs of objefiing tp the ufe of chat language, in theoloeical m^^tters.
Before Mr. Taylor publifhed the firft volunne of his Con* cordance, that by the Buxtorfs, to ufe Dean Prtdeaux's words, f< defervedly had the repuUtion of being the perfedeft and ** beftbook of its kind extant; and, indeed, ib ufeful for << the underftanding of the Hebrew Scriptures, that no one, *^ who employed his fiudies this way, could well be without ^^ it, being the beft Didionary, as well as the beft Concord^p ** ancc, to them."
This Concordance, therefore, our Author follows; taking, however, the liberty of infertine his own explication of tht roots, inftead of that by R. Naman, which Buxtorf did not think worth tranflating. He has alfo correded all the errors in Buxtorf, and inferted the word or words by which any Hebrew word is tranflated in the Englifli Bible ; and where the Hebrew is not literally rendered, a literal tranflation is add- ed. In general, all change or difference in the two texts, Hebrew and £;iglilfa, is diligently remarked. Mr. Taylor has added all the words, about one hundred and twenty one,
C 4 which
^4 Taylor'/ Hebrew Csnardanci.
vA}i<;h Buxtorf had omitted : alfo all the Particles out of IsToIdius.
In giving the feveral (ignifications of any Hebrew word, our Author has firft fet down the primary iignification, anj sifter that the other fenfes, in their proper order, as they feeni to have branched out from the original iife of the word. This, which was much to be defired, and which is attempted in Schulcen's manufcript Lexicon, is alfo attempted here $ with what JTuccefs, let the reader Judge, from the following inr ftances, which may ferve as Specimens of Mr. Taylor's flull and diligence. We omit the occurrence of words» as it would make our extraAs too lar^. Page 78. ^H» 78th root, hath * feven fignifications ; i. firmum^ fidumejft. Tq
* be true, faithful, firm, fteady, fure, well fettled 4nd efla-
* bliflied : fo that a man keeps his word» or agreemeot, in?
< violabty, and any otbir thing remains in its proper ftate un-
* alterably.- Under this fignification of the word jJDN> fol- low the places in which the word occurs in that which is its primary fenfe. * ii. Veri^ revera; Truly, iii. Veritas^^ fi"
* ieu Truth, faithfulne^^ aflfuraince, certainty, iv. Amtn^
* verum^ Jiabile, firmum. Let it be granted ; let it be done
* and unalterably confirmed, v. Nutrin. To bring up chil- j^ dren> not upon the foot of natural afFedioni as parents^ ' but upon the foot of fidelity and honour, as nurfes and
* gijardians. vi. Mu/tltudo, a multitude. . S^ root 457^ f vii. Ariifex. A Ikilful, trufiy workman.'
Page 536. ^21 537^*^ ^^^ *»»* f^ fignificatipns. « i.
* Pignorari^ in pignus accipere \ apord, a rope; [fignificat. iv.] ' a meafuring line, Zach. ii. i. A plot, lot, or tradl of land ^ meadired or laid /ut. Deut. iii. 4, 13. Toils, nets or Aiares
* made of cords, Jobxviii. 10. Prov.v. 22. The cords^ or f tackliRJg of a fliip \ the maft to which they are faftened, Prov.
* xxiii.34.. Sailors who work the cordage, Ezek. xxyii. 8. The
* mafier of the (hip, who orders and direi^s the ufe of the tack-
* ling, Jon. i. 6. Hence, wife counfel, advice, and government|
* Prov. i. 5. [Signif. vi.] To cord, to bind faft with cords j
* to be itftt«^ under the obligation of a debt, f Signif. i.] To
< pledge, tp lay to pledge, or to be hund to a creditor, Deut.
* xxiv. 6. to be bound for more than one can pay ; to bp « broke, bankrupt, ruined, [Signif. ii.] To be fpoilcd, dc-
< ftrdVed, i. e. to be reduced to a broken, ruined ftatc, Ecclef. f V. 0. Cant. ii. 15. [my breath is corrupt y Job. xvii. i. my
< fpirit oi* mind is bankrupt, broken, exbauA.ed of its yigo^r f and posyers.] To be bouf^ to punishment, Prov. v. 22. f iSTeh:!. 7. [we have rendered ourfelves very obnoxious t9 f tiice.J To be bound with the cprds of great pain or afflic-
* ^ ' § ^ ' J flpf??
r
Ta YL or'j Hihrnxj Concordance. 45
f tion, Job xxxvi. 8. [Signif. iii.] The pains of child- ^ bearing ; to travail or bring forth a young one. Cant viii,
* 5. or fome wicked fcheme, Pfal. vii. 14. alfo the young
* whii^ i$ brought forth with pain andforrow. Job xxxix. 3, ^ a coniipany of men bound together in fociety, [Signif. v.] f' Qt walking in a train; So a company of foldiers is called .' vwu^oLj a b^nd^ Matth^ xxvii. 27.
Page 563, ^"lin 563d root, hath three fjgnlfications,
* i. albefcerei to be jvbitej to be pale through difappoint-
* ment or fear ; white, ii. ffobiUs^ itluftres ; Nobles, per- < fons of the higheft rank ; fo called becaufe they wore wbiu ^ robes ; as the Romans called tjipfe who put in at an elefiion, ^ Candfdatif from their white gowns, iii. Foramen-, a hole; ^ any thing full of holes, as net- work or baflcet-work; ^ >* cave or bolloi^r place in the earth. The connedion with
f the root is uncertain ; perhaps from admitting the light, ^ and giving a u/bitfi appearance.' It will be very difficult, if not impofSble, to reduce each fecondary or remote iignifica<- tion to its proper place, or rank, and i^cw its connection with the primijtive. In moft .of them Mr. Taylor has been Ytry happy, and in all of them ingenious. But whether *1in as it fignines forampn^ may not better be derived fron) ^"2^ fo" dere^ fince the change of n J^to 3 is common in 9II the orient- al dialers, let th^ r/ead^r determine, as likewifjs whether fo- fiere is not the primary figni^cation of rpj. See Schindler. Page 582, ^n> S^^d rpot, h^th mx fignifications. « i.
* Vmurari^ con/odi i todiflolve o; break the texture of a bo- « dy, by penetrating into, or perforating the fubftance thereof;
* to penetrate into the human body, or to diflblvc its texturp « by woui^ing 5 to wound, to ftab, Judg. ix. 40. to diffolve .< the whole texture of the body ; to kill, to flay, Deut. xxi. '« I. Hence ftabbers^ fwordfmen, gladiators, foldiers train-
* cd up to a fingujar dexterity in ftabbing and flaying with the « fworjd, Prov. vii. 26. Jer. li. 4, 47, 49. Ezek. xi. 6, 7. .^ See Mr. Keruiicott's late learned Diflertatipn on i Chron. 5 xi. &c, page 102 — 122. Figuratively^ to diflblve or break 5 a body of men in battle, by penetrating into their ranks^
* and throwing them into diforder, Judg. xx. 31, 39. [th^
* began tp fmite of the people and kill : to finite of the people ^ routed^ or when their ranks were penetrated into and brok-
* en.] It .is alfo applied tj the wounding or penetrating the
* heart with forraw, &c. Pf^ cix. 22. — to the infirmity of a f difcompo&df broken, Chattered mind, Pfal. txxvii. 10. — ii. f Incipere. Pigtitiftivelyy to penetrate, to make an opening f orentraqce \niQ w^^ir^ to begin, Nunib. xvi. 46,47.
• ^[Thf
a6
T A Y I. O R, '« Hebrew Ctnetr dance.
-^
[The pbgui is begun^ bath penetrated into^ made an entrance ammg the people.] To enter upon adlion. Gen. xi. 6.—
.iii. Profanarey figuratively^ I. to break, to diflblye the texture or force of an obligation ; to ftab, ilay, or make it void, Numb. xxx. 2. Plal. Iv* 20.-^lxxxix. 34. [agree* ably to this fenfe Bifhop Pearfon on the Creed, (after &ro- tius) (aith ; << one anoient cuftom' of cancelling bonds was
^ by ftriking a nail through the writing ;'' * to which the Apoftlemav allude. Col. li. 14.] 2. Todiilblve, ftab, or flay the real or relative holinefsof perfons or things ; to de- iecrate, to profane, pollute, defile. Applied to die Jewifii nation, whom God treated as if they had not been his peo-
{ lie and inheritance, when they were carried into captivity, fai. xlvii. 6. Lam. ii. 2. — ^to the Temple when deftroyed, or treated as a common building, Ezek. xxv. j^to a prieft who was profaned, when he did any thing that di(qualified him for his office. Lev. xxi. 4. to any Hallowed ^ing, which was defecrated by being eaten contrary to the law. Lev. xix. 8. to a place or thing that is comqion or unholy, as diftinguiflied from that which is holy or confecrated, Lev. x. 10. Esek. xxii. 26. — xlviii. 15. particularly it is ap- pli^ed to the fruit of a tree, when firft eaten of by the owner, 4fter the fourth year, in which it was confecrated to God, was expired, [Lev. xix. 23, 24, 25.] Deut. xx. 6. [eaten ef it profaned, defecrated it,}— xxviii. 30. [gather y pro- fane, the grapes thereof ^^ Jer. xxxi. 5. — to the Sabbath, or any ordinances profaned by not being duly obferved. Lev. xxii. 9. Pfal. Ixxxix. 31. Ezek. xx. 16. — to God pro- faned by the violation of his conftitutions, Ezek. xxii. 26. —to the name of God, profaned by fwearing falfely. Lev. xix. 12. — tochaftity, and the maririage bed profaned by lewdnefs, Gen. xlix. 4. Lev. xix. 29. to juftice, honour, goodnefs, profaned by a^ing contrary to them. Henpe an adion is termed ^r^;i^, or profanenefs^ pollution^ which is void of honour, juftice, and goodnefs. Gen. xliv. 7. [God forbid that thy fervants Jhould do (profanenefs would be to thy fervants from doing, or if they fliould do) according to this thing ; i. e. it would be umuft and difhonourable in us to do this thing.] i £am. xxiv.^o, 7. [the Lord forbid^ that I Jhould do this things it would be profaneneis to me from the Liord (or the higheft degree of difhonour and injuftice) if I Ihould do t^is thing.] iii. To diflblve, flay, annul digni- ty and fplendor, by finking the honoiurabie and illuftrious, into a contemptible, vile condition, Pfal. Ixxxix. 39. Ifai. xxiii. o. Ezek. xxvLii. 7.
r
T AY LOK*sHekriUfC0ffC9rdMUi* Vj
* VJ. Tripudiare | a |^£ce of wood femtratid with a tool» ^ and perforated ^ a pipe or flute, whofe mufic exhilerated no(
* only common mirdi) but alb iacred and religious joy, PfiJ.
* cxlix. 3. Ifai. ▼• 12; a dance peculiarly correfponding ta
* the mafic of the flute, in oontradiftindion to dancing without
* any mufic, or wiA other mufic ; the fluti-danciy the moft ^ wBl iftid lively, and expreffive of the higheft jov, i Sam«
* xviii. 6. Pfal. ixx, ii. Cant. vL 13. \a% if it wen tb$
* cmpanj of twoarmiiSf as it were the dancing, joy, exultar
< tion of two companies, mutually congratulating each other
* upon fome fignal occafion.
* V. Firuftra ; rtftw, which are formed by penetrating in*
* to the fuUiance of the earth, Ifai. ii. 19. windows^ which
* are confidered as cut out of the walls of a buifding, Jer« ' xxii. I4« [and arff«f£ik'in««/fi;i»im'X, my windows, God'a ' windows ; fo called, becaufethey were windows in an up-*
* perchamber^ fet apart for prayer and devotion, looking to*
* wards JeruCdem, and thro' which they looked when prajr '* ing to God. Such a chamber, and fuch windows, Daniel ^ had 'and ufed in Babylon, Dan. vi. io»
« VI. Plaantai a cake. The Ihew-bread confifted of
< cakes of this fort. Lev. xxiv. v. And if they were likeihe
* unleavened cakes which the Jews now make, and may at
* any time be feen at London, the connexion with the root it
* very apparent* For thefe are broad cakes, perforated all
< over, with holes like a honey-comb, to prevent any fer- ^ mentation. And from die force of this root, it feems pro*
< babie, that this was the form (whatever was the fize) of the
* cakes mentioned in the texts that follow.' See Lev. Num. Exod.
Some think ^119 ^ it fignifies to dance, alfo VtTT) ^ pipe, may, with more propriety, be referred to |ji> which Mr, Taylor interprets exniban gaudny ' to rejoice with a ]qj
< which exprefles itklf in the geflures of the body/ An4 perhaps, XXy\ a cake, ihould t^ derived from the fame word in Arabic, which fignifies dukis fuiu See Golius col. 647, (f Sn duku iifuavisfuit. »l*jn tduUum 4x tnelU Vilfaccbaro cor^ feffum* ^y^y^TH Dulciarius pijior aut eduliorum dukium verk^ ditor. And tpe Grand Signor's confedioner is called in the Turkifli lang«|age ^;iKlbfl Helwagi.
We (hall ei^hibit another inftance of our Author's ikill and ingenuity, in j^rranging the feveral figniiications of a word in their proper order, giving the full force of its ufage in everjr paf&ge, and ihewing the connexion of the feveral fcftfes witii the primary one»
Page
aS
Taylor*/ Hebrew Concordance.
Page 882. ^SD 886th root, hath fevcn fignifications. < i. PUare^ pice obtegere : propitiatorium. To cover, to cover by finearing ; to fmear over, to obliterate or annul a com- pact, Ifat. xxviii. i8. to cover with pitch, in order to fe- cure a veflel from leaking ; pitch ; the mercy-feat, or cover of the ark of the covenant, ii. Expiarey placate ; to a- tone ; to covef fin, or to fecure the finner from puniflunent. iii. Pagusy vicus $ a fmall village ; a covert, retired place in the country, iv. Crater ^ pehis ; a large cup or bowl,
frobably with a cover or lid, ufed in the Temple fervice ; fuppoie to hold wine for the priefts and facriiicers, when they did eat there before the Lord; Deut. xiv. 26. — xv. 19, 20. vi. Cyprus arbor, Ligtiftrum Mgyptiacum. Arab. Henna or Albenna ; a fhrub ten or fifteen foot high, like a Privet, whofe flowers grow in bunches, and have a ver^ fweet and grateful fmell. With the powder of the leaves or flowers, mixt with water, women fmeared dieir hands, feet, &c. to give them a golden colour. Celf. Hie- rob, part i. p. 225. Htller Hieroph. part i. cap. 54* Rail Hifi. Plant, tom. ii. p. 1604. vii. Leojuvenis\ avoung lion that has done fucking the iionefs ; and leaving tne co- vert begins to feek prey for himfelf. Bochart ; being juft come out of the cwerty and naturally frequenting it more than other lions, he may be called the covert • lion. SeePfal. xvii. 12. Jer. xxv. 38. He has forfaken bis covert^ as the [young^ lien,*
The meaning of the word Cherub having been greatly con- troverted of late, we apprehend our readers will not oe dif- pleafed with the following extract, which contauns Mn Tay- lor's (enfe of that word.
Page 888. ^^3 889th root. « Cherubh, Chcrubinus. It
* is evident that the four living creatures in Rev. iv. 6, 7, 8.
< are the feme with the four ILving creatures, called alfo Che- *' r«i/iwx, in Ezck. i. 5, &c. — x. i, &c. But the four //t;/«^
* creatures^ and the four and twenty EUers^ Rev. v. 8, 9. ^ joined in (ineing a new fing to the Lamb, faying. Thou art
* worthy to take the book, and to open thefeals thereof -, for thou ^ waji Jlain, and has redeemed us unto Godbythv blood, out of ^ every kindred and tongue and people and hat lOif*
* The angels joined in the chorus which follows ver. 11, 12.
* But none but fuch as belong to the church of God in this
* world, none but MEN, could join in this fong. Thetwen- f ty-four Elders, it is generally agreed, reprefent the Priefts,
* or Minifters of the Church, and then the four living crea-
< tffres^ or Cherubim^ muft reprefent the people^ or body of
^ the
r
Taylor'j HebriW' Concordance. a9
the church, of God upon earth. This fuics Ezekters Che* rubim very well : they reprefent the church of God attend- ed with the wheels, or revolutions, of his providence. And io the Cherubim in the Temple, eTpecially thofe over the mcrnr-feat, may properly denote the church on earth, where God hath fet his throne, and in the midft of ^ich he dwells or reigns. Numb. viL 89. Pfal. xcix. i. Ezek. ix. 3. In this view the Cherubim muft be confidered as hie* rogljpbical^ denoting the perfection or combination of all fpintual ajid moral excellencies, which conftitute the cha* ra£ter of God's faithful fervants or fubje£ls, under the hier9' glyphical forms of a man, sk bullock, a lion, an eagle, all with wings, full of eyes, &c. [1 Kinjgs vii. 29. lions^ cxeHy and odier Cherubims ; or the other rorms which con- ftitute the Cherubim."] But this will not take in the fenfe qF Cbernb and Cherubim in other places. Some general notion that will fuit all cafes, (hould, if poffible, beiound out; as fuppofe to be perfect ^ or perfe^v accomplifhed. Applied to a bullock in full vigour, (Exek. x. 14.) as that among the herds, is the moft perfeS in ftrength and ufefulnefi.-^ To the Prince of Tyre (Ezck. xxviii. 14.} compleat (at leaft in his own proud conceit) 111 dignity, power, policv, wealth, fplendour^ [anointed, inaugurated, duly eftablim* ed in royalty; coveringj foaring above and protecting others.] — To that which is moft perfeCl and powerful in velocity, Pfal. xviii. 10. — To the guard upon the tree of life. Gen. iii. 24. Poffibly it may here be applied to tf«« gels I but we can only fay, with certainty, that the C&^ir- fiim and Jlaming fwordy which turned every way^ denote fiune perfect and irrefiftible power, which rendered the tree of life, here upon earth, quite inacceffible. But, through Chrift, blefied be God, free accels is granted to it in the fu- ture world, Rev.ii. 7. — xxii. 2.*
Aben Ezra, Chafkuni, and Bar Nachman, upon the lie- cond chapter of Numbers, where mention is made of the children of Ifrael pitching, every man by his own Jiandar^^ with the enjign ef their father* s houfe, fay, that the creatures in the Cherubim were the ftandards of Ifrael : Reuben bad on his ftandard the figure of a man, Juda a lion, Ephraim the ox, and Dan the eagle. The reafons why tbefe animals were chofen by thefe tribes, are taken from ctrcumftances pofterior to the ufe of the ftandards. Jofephus and Philo are both ft- lent on this head. The conjeClure, therefore^ for it is no more than a conjeCture, refts upon the probability of this ufi; of the animals. There is no other account of them fo pro- bable
1
^0 Brown*/ Civil and tTatural
bable as this. The general notion, therefore, compidiended under the word Cherubim will be that of a guard. Hence you Will be able to account for their fituation in the Temple, near the prefence of the Lord, and rcund about tbi tbrme^ Rev. ir. *6, 7, 8. Alfo for the ufe of it in expreffing the gu^rd upon the tree of life, whatever that guard was, whether it was a perpetual flame ari(in|from pits of fulphur and bitumen, as was the opinion of Grrotius, or was no other than what is odled Deut. xxxiii. 2. the Sn rf the law fir thm. The very learned and (agacious ^lr• Mede has adopted the explica- tion of the Cherubim given by Aben Ezra. Bochart, Xiau- jiaeus, Heidegger, and particularly Witfius in his iEgyptiacSf- have all ftrenuoufly oppofed it.
^ We (hall with pleafure embrace die earlieft opportunitv of mying our readers an account of the fecond volume of Mr. Xaylor's Concordance; which, we hear, wUl be publiflied next winter.
Jl}e Civil and Natural Hifiory ef Jamaica. In ibrn Parts. . C$ntainingf i. An accurate defcription 9/ that ijlandj its fituation and foil \ with a brief account of its for* tner Mnd prefmt Jiate^ government^ revenues^ produce and trade. — 2. A hiflory of the natural produ^ionsy including the various forts of native foffils^ perfect and imperfeSl vegetables^ quadrupeds^ birds^ fifhes^ reptiles^ and infers; with their pm^^ forties and ufes in mechanics j diet^ and phjfic. — ^. An ac* count of the nature of climates in general^ and their different offers upon the human body; with a detail of the difeafes etrifing from tins four ce^ particularly within the tropics. In thrfc differtations. The whole iUu/irated with fifty copper- plates : in which the mo/i curious prt^^ions are reprefented of the natural fize^ and delineated immediately from the ^hjeffs. Ar Patrick Brown, ,^. i>. Folio. 2I. 2s. Printed for the Author <^ andfoldbyPfiorneandC^.
THIS work -was pubUihed Jby fubfcription, and ^ho* t])e - fubfcfibers'are not very numerous, yet simong thcw ap* pear more than a few truly refpedlable names. Befides (Vveial of our own countrymen, juftly eminent for their literary abilities, Burmannus, Gronevius, Linnaeus, Mufchenbroek, Schwenke, Trew, and WackendorfF, learned foreigners, haye honoured- Dr. Brc»wn's labours : . Labours indeed ! fuch ^s. re- .quired no-lefr quaKfications (a) than what Qur Author cieclajres
(«)• Oar A^lthoi: fpeaks of himfelf as being ' happy in a large ' ihare of healch and ftrength; enured to the climate; and having * a mind ftrongly difpofed to the culcivatioci of natural knowlegc/
hiai«*
r
Hift&ry of Jamaioi. 31
hlmrelf happily pofiefled of. If the Dodor had in view dut precept of Horace^ Which advifes,
•—— Neque, te ot miretar ttirba, hbom; Comentus paucis ledoribiu.*-^-
he has certainly aded right; for his performance is fivfrom being calculated to engage the multitude ; neverthelefs, it may probably furnifli a fufficienc degree of entertainment for the clafi of readers for whom it appears to have been defigned, and to whom only it is evidently adapted. A confcioufiiefs of this, perhaps, produced the following apology.— < There are more nUH dum fiaturaUfiSf and perhaps more of thefe than phyfi- dans* — In the part which treats of the citnl ftare of the Ifland, I own» I have been the moft brief. The lives of die go- vernors, the civil and military tran(a£tions, and various o&r particulars, would have made no improper part of fuch a work ; but this would take up a large mare of my time, on a fubjed to nu not fo materially interefting ; and of confe- quence hindered n\e from purfuing that part to which I found myfelf more equal ; more ftrongly inclined ; and in which I diought my refearches more likely to tend to public advan- tage. The natural hiftory is therefore by much the moft ex- tenfive part ; the produoions are both numerous and cu- rious ; and contains {b) great numbers of articles, whereof numy have been left wbolty unnoticed, while odiers were but imperfedly or inaccurately represented to us.' Agreeable to this plan, out of five hundred pages contained in this volume, twenty-ieven only are appropriated to the civil hiftoipy of Jamaica ; the former ftate of which, from its dlfco* very by doh*mbus, to the beginning of the prefent century, Miploys l^.e firft chapter. Tne conqueft of the ifland by the Spaniards, their expuUion by the EngUfli, the. different admi- niftradons of the government previous to any fettled form, the charter granted for that purpofe l^ King Charles II. the de- finition of Port-Royal by an cartnquake in 1692, and the in« vafion of the French in 1694, 'are here mentioned ; but the accounts are not ahrjiys joft ,(r) and in general too fuperficial, to gratify the curiofi^ or an inqutfitive reader.
Chap. {I) So Dr. Brown exprefTes himfelf.
\c) Our Aathor, fpeaking of the retreat of die Spaniards to Cabar takes notice, that they left behind them ' many of the negros and
* mulatos, to keep poiTeflion of the place, and to prevent the con- ' qoerors ftom fettling in the. coantry parts : thefe people/ adds he,
* ocmrinoed very troublefome for a time: but the Englith, who ! Vere not ofed to the woods, at length called in fome of the Buc-
, ' cancels
1
31 Brown*j Civil dhd Natural
Chap. 2. is divkled into three feftibns. The firft gives a fliort account of ' the pariflies, and huiftbcr of reprefentativcs,
* ports of entry and clearance, and courts of judicature/ With refpefl to the reprefentatives^ our Author takes notice of a law palled by the Aflembly for chufing them by baiUt^ but which has not yet received the royal fan£lion : alio of another law for the inftitution of circular courts^ under the fame cir« cumftances. Such a law would certainly contribute greatly to the eafe and advantage of thofc who live remote from the com- mon feats of juftlce. He has likewife judicioufly pointed out the inconveniences arillng to thoie (hips that load in the wes- tern harbours, from the want of a contiguous port of entrji and clearance.
Sed. 2. treats ^ of the lands, fettlements, foils, produce^ ^ anci income of Jamaica/ The quantity of fertile land in the ifland is computed at about four millions and an half of ' acres ; of which one million, (ix or feven hundred tbouland
* acres are already patented/ TheDo<^or, with great juftic^
* caneers to their affiftance, and foon afcer brought them under fubjec*
* tion.'— Now it is a known fadl, that tho' the Negros might pcrhapt bethen» fora time, fuppreiTed, yet they were not fubdued ; feeing tbfy and their defcendancs continued their depredations till within thele twenty-five years : among them every difcontcnted negro that raa away from his owner, was fure of finding an afylum $ till their num- bers grew formidable. Thus ftrengthened, chey freqaently made incurnons on the fettlements, plundered the plantations, and mni^- dered the inhabitants. Many attempts were made to reduce them by force, but their retreats being, in a great meafurcy ioacceffible t4 the parties fent out againft them, rendered thofe attempts fraitleis. Abundance of lives had been lod in the purfuit of thefe lavages, and the terror of them greatly impeded the cultivation of the more in- land parts of the ifland. The inefiicacy of force having beeo wo- fully experienced, the late Governor Trelawny found means to brin^ them to a treaty ; whereby the negros were allotted certain portions of Land, and permitted to live under the diredion of thefr own chiefs ; commifiions were granted by the Governor to thofe chiefs, who folemnly engaged for therofelves and their people, thenceforward, to live peaceably, and as became good fubje£b. The more efFe6lually to dlfiocline them from receiving or harbouring any run-away flaves, an ad foon after paiTed the afiembly, encoa- raging them, by fuitable rewards, to difcover and bring home any fuch flaves, wherever they fliould meet with them. The engagements
' thus entered into have been punflually obferved, and thcfe long and much dreaded enemies have ever fince continued faithful and ufeful fubjeds ; to the do little eafe and advantage of the iqhabitaots, and (o the particular honour of that worthy Governor.*
ccm-
r
Hi/lory of Jamaica. 33
renfures the unequal diftribution of thofe lands : hi^ remarks upon this fubjedt are fo pertinent, that we apprehend no apo-> logy ncceflary for laying them before our readers ; efpecially if it DC remembered, that every bar to induftry in any of our co* lonies, extends itfelf to the prejudice of the parent- country.
* To avoid a more tedious and uncertain computation on this occafion/ fays our Author, ^ I fhalJ only give an in- ftance of the parish of St. James's, one of the moft thriving in that ifland, and one thac at this time feems to keep a due mediun^ between the moft populous, exclufive of towns, and thofe that are yet the leaft cultivated. In this parifli, on an exa<St computation, I find one hundred and fix thoufand, three hundred and fifty-two acres already patented ; and now the property of about one hundred and thirty-two perfons, whereof ten are only nominal proprietors, being pofleffed of no more than thirty-five or forty acres one with another : a quantity of land nearly equal to the whole ifland of Barba- does, formerly computed at 106470 acres; which in 1676 wa« computed to maintain no lefs than feventy thoufand Whites^ and eighty-thoufand Blacks, in a decent and plentiful man- ner. From hence we may obferve, how much the prudent diftribution of lands contributes to the fettlement of a co^ lony ; for, in Barbadoes, and the other fugar colonies, no man was allowed to take up more land than he could culti- vate in a certain fpace of time, and the new-comer had al- ways his choice of the unpoflisiTed lands, to enter upon im- mediately, which, tho' perhaps more remote from the mar- kets, or fliipping-places, equally anfwered bis purpofes, while every neighbour, whofe plantation was already fettled, wanted the produce of this, as yet unfit for any thing but provifions, to fupply both his table and his flaves. Thus induftry was , ftill promoted, for every eftabliflied fettler wanted an oppor- tunity of encreafing his poileffions with his family, and the produce of his labour was the only means of attaining it, which, for this reafon, he was rcfolved to employ to the great- eft advantage ; and made ufe of the major part in advancing his fortune, while a fmaller portion ferved to purchafe the Tteceffities of his family and flaves. By thcfe means the colo- nies were foon fettled, and at length brought to fuch per- feftion, that the generality of cane-land now fells there from thirty to eighty, or one hundred pounds fterl. per acre ; while the moft promifihg fields in Jamaica, continue ftill adorned with their native productions, and the cultivated are fcarcely valued at above ten or fifteen pounds an acre.
* The neceffity of putting a ftop to fuch inconveniences muft be then apparent to every perfon who confiders or re* Review, July 1756. 6 • jards
j4. B R o # tr^f ffahtraJ and Civil
* |it^ the gentrat wtKkre of the colony ; b^jt the means of « redrt^ffing them mtift be the pecaliar work of that wife body«
< to whofe care the fupreme powe)- is committed ; and yti I
* am <>/f^/^ that many of its members will think themfdvts
< too nearly intetefted, to confider the public happinefe with « wftrmth on thiis occafion/ — From the knowlegts we have of tiris ffiand) we are forry to fay, there is but too much reafon fof but Auihor^s Jiars : Ae fchntic he propofes for remcdyrng this ftiifchiefi < by laying a heavy tax on uncultivated lands' (we prefume he means only rhofe that anK poffefied) < and reaflioMi-
* ing the forfeited without favour/ is not new $ the fame pro« j^ was talked of at feaft fifteen years ago, particularly by fome ntw fettiers, who came froiti the rfland of Antigua ; wltere, as Dr. Brown rightly obferves, fuch a tax had fuflly Succeeded. — His propofal for allottins a certam number of ftcres to f^rm regular ptancetpons of me moft ufefut trmber- trees, fuch as bra^iletto, fuAic, lignum vitae, ebony, baftard- cedar, cedar, and mahogofiy, is pradtcable, and feems to de- ftrve a ferious confideratio».
Tho' this ifland is not fo far improved as it might or ought to be, its impoitanee to Great Britain cannot better be de- termined than by its produce, exports, and imports. The refpeSive value of thefe, our Author has taken more than a little pains to afcertain* The materials from whence he has collefkd his informations^ are, the books in thepubltc'oftccs of Jamaica, and fchedules occaTionaily laid before the houfe of commons. Hence be computes, that
/. s. d. I. The quantity of fugar exported (d) annually at a medium for four years, ending in De- cember 1 751, to be about 476338^ Ct. nett (Or fliort weight. Which at the ufual price that fogars bear in that place, will amount to in currency (e) about 738280 7 6
a. Rum (/) exported libout 4600 puncheons, vakied according to the common price there 69575 o o
807855 7 6 Brought
(^ Exdufive cff the fagars confmaed .in the iiland, which aie reckoned.to be reldom Jefs than 4300 hoglheads, of 1 $ Ct. each.
(«) Jamaica curreacy is to iicrllng^ as (cvtn to five, or 140 to ico.
(/) Our Author obfcrvej, that the quantity of rum is not propor- tionable CO the quantify of fugar, which he accounts for from the export of oiolaH'cs ce the North- American continent.
N.B.
r
Brought over ^07^55 7 6
3» Molafles, 258707 gallons, about 12367 o o
4« Cotton, 1253 bags, at a t9tiiu9^ one year
wiihaaother 18895 o o
5. CofFee, 220 cafka 3300 0 o
6. Pimento, 438000 lb. weight {g) 21925 o o
7. Mahogany 25000 o o
8. Sundries, as logwood, nicarago, brapiletto, fufUc, lignum vitae, cocoa, ginger, canella, or winter's bark, Peruvian baric, halfmis, indigo, aloes, hides, flaves, dry goods, and
bullion fometimes exported from thjence, whofe value is not fo eafily computed, and chiefiv the produce of their foreign trade (i). 45000 o O
9. To the above is alio «dd^, for charge at« tending about 450 (hips that annually refort
to the ifiand 20000 o o
Total of Exports (/) currency 954342 7 6
Equal to ilerling 681673 2 2^
The foreign trade, imports and revenues are considered in the third fedion : our Author's eftimate of the two former is taken from the colleftor^s books for the yelr 1 752 j which year, he informs us, he more particularly made choice of^ becaufe « the intcrcoiirfe of that year was deemed pretty moderate, and < rather under the medium, having immediately fucceeded the « hurricane in fifty-one/ According to this account, the number of fhips trad&ag to Ja|iv(ic^ in the courfe of the year 1752, were as follows.
From
N. B. One hundred and fixty puncheons are compueed to be re- tailed iD the ifland, befides what is iked in private families, and at the plantatioiis nhere it is mamifafbired, wlucfa ia here fuppofed to be tripi^ the quantity of what is retailed.
{g) That is» at the laie of fomediing ^ore than One Shilling per pooftd : iinrely an extraordinary price !
(i^ Our Amhor lays of thefe articles, that of late year? they have -been * feldorn compatcd to bring innore than 45 or 50/>qo1. a * year, bat freqoently sot fo much.*
(i) Dr. Blown suikei the total of the exsotts aniount to only 945^7841. 79. 6d^ but if his compuution of the refpeAive articles is right, the iam of «fac whole oo^t to be as ic ftands above. Whe- ther he had ac^ porticttkr reafon for xbb deda£(ion of upwards of ^000 1. -or whedier it is owing .to in^vestency, is not quite clear (o us ; tho* we are inclined to impale it to the)a^Ur> as (his is not
Da the
'^
35 B R o w N V Civil and Natural
From Europe^ or laden with European goods* 'ScX'-c'^ General Contents of Lading, ^o^^^
TDry goods, of Britiih and Indian^
^ -. J J. maaufaftures per cockets, I
Prom London di-l wines, iron, and copper- ware, > 40
rectly . j refined fugars, tobacco-pipes, I
t &c. J
T, • J J f Dry goods, and beef, pork, but- l
From London and \ t'er: tongues, &c. the produce C 4
^"'■'^ ( of Ireland 3
'''SdIS''°""1 Dry goods and wines 8
From London, Cork, } j) go^jg^ provifions, and wines a
and Madeiia )
From Loiulon and j Mules, afles, camels, and Spanifli J ^
Cape dc Verds I wines, all from Cape de Verds TDry goods of Britifli and Irifli^
I manufaftures, copper and iron
FromBriftoldireftly*^ ware, (hip-chandlery ware, I bottled beer, cbeefe, cyder, and (^ refined fugar
From Briftol and \ Goods of the fame fort, and Irifli ? ^ Cork C provifions j ^
T- T • 1 J- C Manufa(Jiured mahogony and ")
From Liverpool d,- \ ^^^^^^ ^,^^ checfefcyder and f 3
'**"y I potatoes 3
^Tla^d "^°' ^^ \ ^"^y provifions 17
' ^'Mad^eirr°°^ ^ \ Manufaaurcd cottons and wines " 1
the only inaccuracy we meet with in \iu figures. For inftance, the article rum he computes ac 4600 puncheons, or ^o»6co galionsy amounting to 69. ^75 1. At this rate a puncheon would contain no more than eleven gallons, and the price would be 278. 6d. per gallon. How widely diftant this is from truth, is manifed totn^ery one in ch^ lead converfaot with this commodity. Numerical errors ought very particularly co be guarded againft, (eeiiiz they are lefs perceptible, and at the fame time more apt to miiiead^ than mere literal miflakes. However, this matter may bs ealily redified ; our Author need only advertife his readers to add a ilngle cypher to the number of gallons, and the puncheon will be reilored to its ufual contents, no gallons, and the value reduced to a tolerably moderate price, viz. 2 1. ^d. a gallon*
- - From
■ Hi/lorj of j2Lmzyc2U 37
Brought over ^9
From Lancafter di- C Manufadlured cottons, and dry I
rcftly ( goods of a coarfe nature J
From Lancafter and C Goods of the like kind, and pro- \
Ireland ( vifions J '
From Hull, Ply-^
mouth, and the r^ j 1 ^ /l- ^
otherout-portsofl^^ g°f!^^ P^"^ ^Z"^^^'^ J'P^ ?
England,of which > chandleryware,herrm|s,aads I 9
two call^ at Ma. ^"^ ^ ^^^ ^'"^ ^'^"^ ^*^^*'* ^ deira J
From Greaf Britain, 1
by the yray of Af- > Slaves {k) 29
rica. J
£ngli(h ihips entered direftly from fo- reign ports, viz.
From Madeira Wines 4
From Cape de Verds { ^^J^^^^ ""^'^ ^^"*''''' ^""^ ^^^'^ \ 3
* From Bourdeaux In ballaft 4
From Liibon Ditto i
From dilFerent parts 1
of Scotland di- v Dry goods and herrings 5
redly 3
^"r^laS"''""^ '"^ 1 ^^y g^^^^ ^"^ P«>^'^^^»»
From Scotland and i r> j j • .
Madeira } Dry goods and wines i
"phUaddphra "^ } Herrings, provifions, and Lumber i
'*"'J' ( andfomelrifhlinnens )
^TLe^ra'"*^ *"**} Provifions and wines i
From Barbados, An- f European and American goods, J tieua,and the others not in demand in thofe fettle- s 1 5 windward iflands. C ments J
190
{it) The numbered new negros annually imported is iaid to have diminilhed, fince the commencemem of the late war, from about 900O5 which was then nearly the medium, to 6624, the number im- ported m the year 1752 i but that they have hudy begun to increafe.
D 3 Vcffcla
la
I
General Contents of Lading.
fi BROtrN'i Gvil and fhturah
Vcffcls from North America.
9ort» frdfn wh^ce tht Ships cam^
'* The vcfflfels froih thefc places 'bring the fame commodities, viz. flour, bread, beef, pork, hams, dried and pickled fiih, onions, apptes, corn, peafe, rrce, foap, cheefe, and can-
Nd.df Veffels.
Frort Neifr-York, #roni Bofton, Fron^ fehdde-Ifland,
From New-London,^ dies i horfes, ibeep, hogs.
From Pifcataway, Froni Salem*
ducks, geefe, and turkies ; but- ter, lard, tallow, pitch, oil, tar, and turpentine; planks, boards, Oaves, hoops, headings, (bin- Bread, flour, hams, and"^
gles, and bricks ^ Bread, flour « TiLM J 1 u* i gammons; iron in bars, biicks. From Philadelphia, ^ f„^bcr, ftaves, hoops, head
40
33
28
8
8
1
V^ing, fhingles, &c. )
^IT y'T"'* T'^'' P"f^ floufJ fcfcad, pnrk.^ Maryland j of i ^ ^ ^^^ ^^, ;
which one called ^ a,:„„i1, ^ ^ > f f
at Madeira.
> 4a
fhingles.
f'rom Nor. & South ( Carolina, Georgia, and Cape Fair.
From the Iflands of ( Bermudas, Tufk, tpJ Providence.
Rice, leather, lumber, (hin- gles, and tar,
Braziletto, turtle, fait, fifli, poultry, onions, and building ilones.
ly
38
Veflels trading to the Main,
Froif) different Parts C Mules, horfes, cocao, and > of the Coaft. ( fome gold and filvcr fpecie. J
FromHifpaniola, | ^jj^-'^j' '""^^> »""^ ^ ^^
From Curaflba. — ]!i4ules»
parried forward
iiy
}
^3
3
9
35
(/) * The wines imported from that ifland are bat ftw, and gene- f TtMy run, as t^y cannot be etiter^ in the ColMm-Houfe ; diey * are commonly cordial wines, and mu^ll WiPtfi^ in Jamaica in f ftckljr feafo|iS| therefore overtooked,*
Veflels trading to the Main. Brought forward 35
From thcMufquitof Mahogany, cedar, logwood, ( Shore. ( oneoa, and tttitlc ( 5
49
Total of Veflels trading to Jamaica (m).
European 190
North Ameriom - aa/
From the Coaft and the nei^hbou^ting Ifland3 49
466
The value of the principal commodities, annually import- . ed into Jfamaka, comes next under our Author's confidcra- tion ; * he would willingly,' he tells* us, * have gone through ^ the whole, could the quantities or value of them be a(cer-
* tained ; but thb was impoffible, where the greateft part of
* the imports pay no duties i and many principal arttcles are
* entered (b contuledly, that no juft calculation can be made,
* either of their quantities or value / for whioh reafon he takes notice of only fuch as admit no doubt.
^ The nEioit expcnfive articles,' he obferves, ^ are thofe immediately introduced frqm £i^g-
* land; the value of thefe has been latdy
* calculated, to be laid before the parliaments
* and, on an exa£l computation, for four ^ years, ending in December 1751, has been
'* found, at a medium, to amount to
* 2617081. 5 s. flerL per annum, which,
* in that iflond, would amount to 45-89241.
* 8s. 9d. currency, as goods are genepally ^ debited lliere(;i). But as we may reasonably
* fuppofe
(m) Our author is a little miftakea ia the addition of thefe feversi totals} for. tho* according to his account of particulars, the amount of the whole number ot (hips is as we have dated it ; he makes the t^tai <^ European vefTeU iSg* and of North American 230.
lf«} It 16 to be wiAed our Author bad informed u$ at what rate £a« mpfgnftnd osher foreign goods are commonly debited in Jamaica ; or by what role he has been guided (not only la this, but alfo io f^me
D 4 other
40 fiROWN'i Civil and ifaiuTifl
d.
* fuppofc a fourth part of thcfe, at the moft
* moderate calculation, to be imported by the
* PldHters thcmfclves, and fubjeft to none of ^ thofe extraordinary charges to which debited
« goods are liable;' the Dodor computes the '
* annual amount of tlse whole at — — 431676 8 3J To which he adds, for expences of Plant- ers refiding in England, and in the education
of their youth here 70000 O o
* For new Negros, 6624, ■ 235000 o O Iri{h proviftons, in the year 17^2, were as
follows, viz. 19921 barrels of beef, 4307I:
barrels of pork, and 15876 firkins of butter,
rated at 87493 1. But deducing for what
may be imported by the Planters themfelves,
this fum will be reduced to 78309 17 0
Madeira wines, 827 pipes, 26464 o O
North American commodities {0) — 750CO o o
Total of Imports, currency, 916450 5 3J
Which is equal to, fterling, 654607 6 7J
From this ftate of the Jamaica trade, a tolerable judgment, we apprehend, may be formed of the opulence of its inhabi- tants, and the advantages derived from that ifland to Great*
other rcfpcfl?) id forming bis calculations, fcveral of which, efpe- cialiy in the larger numbers, feem very doubcful ; nor is it poiTible, for wane of this knowlcge, to judge wi'h any tolerable exa^neis of their reditude. We would not have Dr. Brown entertain any* opinion, that our mention of this, or of fo me other evident mtilakes» was made with a. view of depreciating his work. We believe he is often pretty nearly in the right i but it would certainly be a greater fatisfa^ion to his readers to find him perfedly fo. One, and not the leaft, purpofe, in thefe remarks* wa' to put him in mind of reviiing his arithmetical computations ; in whicli, as his plan is not Gompleated in this volume, he may, in his future publication, take an opportunity of re6lifying the errors he (hall find ; and, furely, the difcovery will come with a better grace from himfelf than any body elfe.
(0) The imports from North America are, juftly, obfervcd to be the articles moft immediately neceflary for a Sugar Colony. The Dodlor rates them at 70 or Sooool. per annum, we have taken the inediam,
Britain
F"
IBftary «/ Jamaica. 41
Britain and Ireland. If our Author is not always comd, there is this in his favour, that ho appears to have fpared no pains to get information^ and to have confulted proper mate- rials. We have, indeed, diffiered from him in the arrange* ment of his accounts, and with a double view; one, for the «afe of our readers, the other, for the fake of taking upas little room as poffible. Under our circumflances, of being much in arrear for many publications, brsvity^ fo far as it can be made compatible with due intormation» is the one thing, at prtfent, particularly needful for us to ftudy.
This Sedion concludes with an account of the Public Re* venues of the ifland : thefe are of two forts ; one for the fer- vice, and under the immediate diredlion of die Crown, raifed by eftabliflied laws for that purpofe.
/. X. d. ' I ft, < By duties on foreign wines, and other ^ fpirituous liquors ; on foreign indigo, cacoa, '* tobacco, cotton, and Engliih renn^ fugar, *• which, at a medium, for feven years paft,
* amount [annually] to about ■ xiooo o O 2dly, ^ By the quit-rents of about one mil-
< lion and five orfix hundred thoufand acres of
< land, that are already patented in that ifland,
* and pay at the rate of a halfpenny per acre ; ' and themtereft on quit-rent bonds, at 10 per ^ cent, which, uken at a medium for feveral
* 3^ears, amounts to ■ ■ ■ 4000 o o
3dly, ^ By efcheats and cafualties, which ^ feldom amount to lefs than •— ^* ■ 1000 o o
{f) 16000 o o
{p) ' His Majefty has been gracioafly pleafed to confcnt, that the
* monies [thus raifed] (hoald be always laid out in promotiog the . ' welfare and fecuricy of the ifland, and in paying the public Offi-
* cers, whofefalaries he was pleafed to confenc fhould be regulated
* and appointed in the following manner^ vi2.
/. /. /.
To the Governor for the time being 2500 00 o per Ann. To the Auditor-General — aoa 10 o To the Chief- Juftice — — 120 00 o
To the feveral Landwaiters — lab 00 o To the Capttin of the Train -- 45 12 6
The
4^ B R o w N *i £ivil 4nd K^tural f£/lory, Vc.
Thf other i^rl iiloficd by ccFUin ifnpoftfi, pfopertiMirf l» the eccafional necefitm ^f the Colony » nor can the mot^ (b mfed) he appoeii^Uteil or di%i^ of wi^hetMt the coofeot and apfirobaMn ef the ccmmiinit/. Thefe at pctfent. aie, ifii < By duties oa wine, ruBi» and 9tbM (fHfiluoii6.U<|MaNy « fold hy retail (f ), about . - — - £. gooo 0 9
2rily, * By a deSckacy taif, or tax latd on ^ (iich as do not keep and mmvMaim a SMimber of ^ white fervaats proportiened to the number of ^ their flaves and cattle. Tbi« tax was fWft in-
< ilituted to promote the impertaiioo of white
* people; and to oUige every anan of intercft « to encourage thdtn, both for the £ifety aed
< welfare of the Colony; hutthenegicA of the
* public on this occafion, now (>roduces a fettled
* revenue of about ■ ■ --^--^ 8o09 O 0
3dly, By aa ifltpoft on kapefted Negro% computed, at z, laediufli^ to piadwoe l^ut 7500 o •
£' 2JSQO^ 0 O
• I ' III p*«*i^-"»
Out of this iuai die Gmtcnogf for the ti«ae beioig^ we ape told, is ufually o«riQpluiiQaited wuh en additional fajbry of 2500 L a year; aadevefy Officer of the regiment with an #i»* nual prefent ; tta foitbcr application ia |o eneoiic^ge new fei* tiers, to relieve tbadiftroflird^ aad promoie iaduftry.
In ftAion 4, the iiihabitaatB, and their aaiOMr of livings are defcribed ; and e few nalucal ouriofilifia memiondi : The inhabitants our Author has, not imudicioedy^ ^aAd into Plan^R, Settlers, Merchants, and Dependents; bdidesNe* gnDS« ife afipears to have ftudied the manners of each clafi with feme attention, and to have done equal juftice to the feveral cbaradlers. With rcfpeft to their method of liv- ing, their buildings, furniture, and bahtt^ are, aa in other countries, proportioned to their fortunes. The rich live fumptuoully eveiy &iy ; and thofe in inferior circuaiflances, as wdl as they can.— The curiofities here noticed aie, i. The
[f) Kingfton alone* according to our Author, pays to thi$ tax about 1 1 5 1. a week; which is more than two thirds of the whole produce. Confideriag the number of Ihipptng places round the ifland, in mod, if not all which, there are tippling houses, refort- ed to by the failon, who are generally known to be no enemies to liquor, nor very faring of iheir money, it may, perhaps, be dovbted wh^tbet tbe produce of this ux is not here femewhat un- der-rated.
Water-
r
Walep-fa8 in Mamee rivar, a little aboYC Biill-Ba]^ in the pan& of Port-Royal. 2. The Cafcade, and 3. the Grottc^ both in the Parifli of St. Anne« 4. The Fogs in the pan&i of St. Thomas in the Vale. The laft of thefe will f;dl under our notice^ with more proprtety» when the latter part of the Do£bNr's work comes before us : ami the three nrll a{3^ar too immaterial to command a particular regard here; fop which reafan we (hall, at prefenty take leave of our Author, referving the coniideration of his natural Hiftory^ to an*. other opportunity.
An Effay on the Origin of liuman KrmvUgi^ Being m fitfif^" mmt to Mn Loch's Effay on the Aman Underftanding^ T'ranflatidfrom the French rf the Ahhi de CondiUac^ Min£ap of tie Rejal Academy rf SirUn. hy Mr. Nugent. 8v«b js. Nourfc,
IN the year 1689 the celebrated Mr. Locke publi (bed his Eflay concerning human underftanding. In compofing that w<H'ky he propofed to himfelf, not gfery, but improve'^ nienl. Unfati&fied with the pwvailing opinions of that age^ concerning the fouroe from whence knowlege. is derived, and Wanting to inform himfelf how far the hiunan mind could proceed with certainty of evidence in its fpeculations, heenter<» ed Into his own mind, reviewed the materials of his own know- lege, difcoi^rGd whence they came, and marked the bounds of their extent. His book was the tranfcript of that £air and accurate enquiry : a tranfcript fo fair, that it always. approves itfelf to the underftanding of every man capable of perufing it ; and fo acpurate, that it hath ferved ever fince for the ground* work oi every other inveftigation of the kind.
Among the principal books bearing any affinity to Mr. Locke's fubje£t, there are three which Teem to have moft de* fervedly attraded the attention of the public: one by the late Bi&op of Cloyne, printed in the year 1 7 10, entitled, A Irea- tife concerning the Principles of Human Knowlege. Another by the late. Lord Bolingbroke, entitled. An £J^y concerning the Natur^y Extfnty trnd Riality (f Human Knowlegf. And a third by the Abbe de Condillac : of vriiich we now. proceed to £Jve an account.
This ingenious Abb^ divides his work mto two parts. The firft treats of the materials of our knowlege, and particularly 8f fhe op^ations of the mind ; and the fecond^ of language
luid
44 CoNDILLAC'j EJfay on the
and method. In the conduft of his enquiries on both thefc labjefts, he owns his obligations to two of our countrymen : to Locke, almoft every where ; and to Warburton, in the fecond part of this Eflay. This afforded an occafion to Mr. Nn^ent, the Tranflator of this work, to dedicate the book to Ux, Warburton. The dcdicatron i^ followed by the Tranflator's preface, which gives irs a very ftriking pic- ture of the philofophic charafter of our (agacioors Abbe, whom wc cannot but admire for his difmtereftcd and un- btafed purfuit of truth. We are not only pleafed with his aim^ but with the ability he difcovers in accomplifhing his Intention; and what not only gains our admiration, but fixes our efteem, is the ingenuity and candor with which he acknowleges an error, and correfts a miftake. But wc refer our Readers to the Tranflator's preface, where they will find this account of the Abbe ftrongly fupported, not only by ob- lervations on die performanccnow under our confidcration,but by a fubfcquent piece, entitled, A Treatife on Senfatim ; with ;^n analyfis of which, Mr. Nugent has favoured the public.
The principal defign of the Abbe de Condilfac, in the firft part of hrs Effay, is to explam to us how the mind opens^ and how its fun£}i(m5 fpread. To this firft part, and principal in- tention of our Abbe, we ihaU at prefent confine ourfelves ; for as to the materials of our knowlege, he produces nothing new. Our abftra<5l take as follows ; it is almoft every where in the words of the Tranflator.
The perception, or impreffion, caufed in the mind by the agitation of the fenfes, is the firft operation of the uiiderftand- irrg. In vain would outward objedh foiicit the (tn(ts ; the mind would never have any knowlege of them, did it not per- ceive them. Hence the firft and fmalleft degree of knowlege i$ perception.
But fince perception arifes only from the rmprcflions made on the fenfes, it is certain, that this firft degree of knowlege will have more or lefs extent, according as men arc organized to receive a greater or left variety of fenfatrons.
Among feveral perceptions, which we are confcious of at the feme time, it frequently happens, that we are more ftrongly apprized of the cxiftence of one of them, than of that of aft the reft. Nay, the more our confcioufncfe of fome increafes, t'le more will that of the others diminifli. This operation, br which our confcioufnefs concerning particular perceptions is to greatly incrcafed, that they feem to be the only perceptions of which we take notice, i call Attention*
Idif.
r
Origin of Httman JGicwUge, 45
I difcern therefore two forts of perceptions among thofe we are confcious of; fome which we remember at leaft the mo- meat after, others which we forget the very moment they arc imprelied. We not only, in the ordinau-y courfc of things forget a part of our perceptions ; but, fometimes, we forget them all. If the feverai objects around me, adling upon mj fenfe- with an almoft equal force, produce perceptions in n^y mind, ali of them nearly of the fame degree of vivacity ; and if i acquiefce in the impreflion they make, without Ariving to obtain a higher degree of confciou nefs concerning one than another -, I (ball retain no idea at all of what has- pafled with- ^ me. Let us therefore conclude, that we are incapable dl giving any account of the greateft part of our perceptions, not becaufe we were not confcious of them, but that we for- get them the next moment.
Our attention is engaged by external objeds, in exafl pro* portion as they fuit our conflitution, paiSons, and Aate of life. This fuitablencfs of objedb caufes them to z£t upon us with greater force, and to imprefs us with a more lively fenfation. To this it is owing, that when a change is made in us, we view the fame objecls differently, and form quite contrary judgments of them. Men. are generally fo apt to be deceived by this fort of judgments, that he who at different tinies fees and judges differently, thinks neverthelefs that botli now and then he lees and judges aright. And this bias be«* comes fo natural to us, that led thereby to conftder objecb only as they regard ourfelvcs, we never fail to cenfuie the conduA of others, as much as we approve our own.
When objedls attract our attention, the perceptions they produce wiihin us are connedled with our confcioufnels of ourielves, and of every thing relative to us. Hence it is, that conlcioufnefs not only gives us a knowlege of our perceptions, but alio, if thofe perceptions be repeated, informs us that we had them before, and reprefents them as belonging to us, and as affecting, notwithAanding their variety and fucceffion, a Being which is always the (simt/^I/. Confcioufiieis confider** ed in regard to thefe new effe<^s, is a new operation, which (erves us every inftant, and is the foundation of experience* Without it, each moment of our life would feem the firft <^ our exiftence, and our knowlege would never extend beyond a firft perception. I (hall call it Renunifcence,
The progrefs of the operations, whofe analyfis and origin have been here explained, is obvious. At iirft there is only a iimple perception in the mind, which is no more than the im- preffian it xcceives from external objeAs. Hence arife, in
their
46 CoffDlxt Ac'x EJay tn the
tiicir refpefttve order, the other three operations. This im- prefiton, confidered as dving us notke of its prefcn^c cmt cxiftence, is what I call confciouftiers. If the noticei we take of it is fitch, th;rt: it Teems to be the only peroej^JMi of ■which we are confcious, it is properly attention. In fine, when it makes itfelf known as having affeded the m»n4 be- fore, it is reminifcence. Confcioafheis fays, as it were, to the foul. You have a perception. Attention fays, You have now only one fingle perception. Reminifcence fays. You Iiavc now a perception which you had before.
Experience mews us, that the ftrft effeft of attention i<?, to make the perceptions occaftoned by objeSs continue ftll i^ ^tfie mind, even when the objedb themfekes are reaiev«d. Thefe perceptions, aw prefervcd in the feme order, generally ipeaking, in which the objeds prefented them. By this means a chain, or conne£lion, is formed amongft them , from w4ience fereral operations, as well as reminifcence, derive their ori^. The firft is imt^jiatian^ which takes place when a perceptiem, in virtue of the connexion eftabiifbed between it and its ob- jeft by attention, is revived at the fight of the objeS.
And yet it is not always in our power to revive the per* ceptions we h^ve (cit. On fbme occafions, the mot wecsn (do is, by recalling to mind their n$mes, to recoMe^l fome of the circupdlancts attending them, along with their abArafi idea. The operation which produces this «fFe£l, I call memwry.
There is flilj another operation, which arifes from the cen- nedion eftaUifhed by the attention betwixt our ideas ; this IS contemplation. It confifts in uninterpupte^ preferving in view the perception, name, or cincumAances, of an obje£l vaniflied out of fi^t. By means of this operation, we are ca- pable of continuing to think of a thing, when it ceafes -to be prefent. This operation we n^ay reduce as we pteafe, either to the imagination, or to memory : to ^^broaer, if it prte- fcrvcs the jproeption itfelf: to the latter, if it prcferves oitfy tlip name^ or cixcumftances of it.
It is of great importance carrfaHy to diflinguifti'the ptHnt, which Separates the imagination from the memory.
Between ii^aginatioOi memory, and remrnifcence, theirelt a certain progrefs^ by which alone they are diftinguifticd. The firft renews the pcrceptiofts themfdves ; the fecoiS brings to our mind ocdy their figns or circumftances; the thiud snakes us difccrn theqa as perceptions which we have had before.
The connexion of ideas can arjifc from aro other cavfe than from the attemion given to them, when they prefented them* felves conjunctly to the mind, ilence, as things aitraA our
8 at*
r
i)riim ^f Human Knonfkgf. 47
iltentite only by *c rdatron th^y bear f© our conftihrtion, paffions, ftate, or, to fttm Bp «n in one word, to oar wants ; it foltows> IKat ftCtentton embraces tt once ittt ideas of wants^ and of fueh things as ftre Tektive to thefe w«ms, and conne£b tfiiHn together*
Oar wants are all alKal among fhemfelTes, and in fomere- faeBs united one to another, by belonging, as they all of mem do, 10 the fame indtvtdval perfbn ; and the perceptions we have of them may be confidered as a fettes of ftindamental ideas, to which nil others, within the compafs of our knowlege^ are linked^ feme more dofely, others more remotely. Want « is connefted with the idea of the thing proper for relieving it ; this is coniiefled with the ideas of the place vi^here it is to be had ; this with the idea of the perfons we have feen there ; Ats, in fine, with the idea of fuch pieafures or pains as we have felt there, and with many others. A fii-ft fundamental idea is conneAed with two or three others; each of tfadfe with an equal, or even with a greater, number; and fb on.
Hiefe fuppofitions admitted, in order to recpfleA ideas fa- miliar to us, all that b needful on our part is, only to turn our attention upon fome of thofe fundamental ideas with which they are conneded. Now, this is always praAicable; be- caufe, fo long as we are awake, there is not an inflant in which our conftitution, paffions, and fttuation, do not excite feme one or other of thofe perceptions, which I call funda- mental. We muft therefore fiicceed in this with nn>re or lefs ettfe, as the idea we are willing to revive has a nearer or more diftant conne6Hon wifli many, or afeii#, of our wants. Take away this connexion, and you deftroy the Imagination and Memory.
All men cannot conned their fdeas with eanai force, nor ia equal number; and this is the reafon why all are not equally happy in their Imagination and Memory. This incapacity proceeds fnom the diflRerent conformation of the organs, or perhaps from the very nature of the foul.
In order to develop the real caufe of the progrefe and per- feflion of thefe fevend faculties. Imagination, O>ntemplation9 and Memory, we muft inveftigate what affiflaace thefe mental loperations derive from the ufe of figns.
I ebferve that there are three forts of figns; rft. Accidental figasy or fuch objeAs as particular circumftances have* con- neAed with fome of our ideas, fo as to render the one proper to revive die other, adiy. Natural figns, or thofe founds of voice, and geftures of body, by which nature, in every crea- ture^ expreSes the paffions of joy, fear, gri^, &c. 3%. In-
ftituted
4$ CoNDiXLAcV Effay on rfr
ftttuted (igns,'or thofe which we have chofen ourielves, and which bear only an arbitrary relation to our ideas,
l^hefe figns are not neceflary for acquiring the habit of thofe mental operations> whjch precede Reminifcence : for Perception and Con(cioufne(s cannot but take place, fo lorig as we are awake, and Attention being no other than thatCon- fcioufnefsy which informs us more immediately of the prefent perception, nothing'more is wanting to occafion it, than that cne objef^ adt upon the fenfes with greater force than another.
Tho' a man were entirely divcfted of the ufe of arbitrary figns, he might, however, even by the foleaid of accidentsd figns, make fomc advances towards acquiring the habit of Ima- gination,or Reminifcence \ that is, at the fight of an obje£)r, the perception with which that obje£^ was connedcd, might be re- vived, and he might know it to be the very fame with what he had before. Yet we muft obferve here, that this would not happen, except when fome extrinfic caufe, or occafion, re- placed the obje£l before his eyes : for when it was abfent* he would have no pofBble means of reviving it of himfelf, having no command over any thing connedled with it; and con(e- (juently could not retrieve the idea to which it was united. And hence it appears, that his imagination would not be as ytt in his power.
. With regard to natural figns, thofe founds and geftures ex- preilive of the paffions, this man would form them, fo foon as he felt the paffions to which they belonged. They would not, however, with refpeft to him, be figns at firft \ becauie,, in- ftead of reviving his perceptions, they would as yet be no more than confequences of thofe perceptions* But when he had often felt the fame paffion, and as often broke out into the ibund accompanying It, both would be fo ftrongly con- nedled in his imagination, that he could not hear the one, without, in fome meafure, experiencing the other. Then would this found become a fign : but he himfelf would not acquire any habit of imagination, till he had heard it. by chance; confequently this habit would be no more in his power than in the cafe preceding.
Memory, as we have fecn, confifts entirely in the power of reviving the figns of our ideas, or the circumftances attend- ing them ; a power which never can take place, till by the analogy of cholen figns, and an eftabli(hed order among our .ideas, the objects which we would revive, are conne&ed with £bme of our prefent wanes. h\ (bort, we cannot recall a thing to mind, till it be conneded with fomcthing elfe in our power. Now a man whj has only accidental and natural 9 ' • * fign^s
Origin of Human Knowkge* 49
figns^ has nothiag at his command. His wants therefore can oruy occafion repeated 2£h of imagination ^ confequcntly be ham no memory*
Hence alfo we may concludcj that brutes have no memory, but are only fupplied with an imagination, which they cannot command as they pkafe.
By following the explications here given» we may frame a clear idea of what is commonly called In(lin£l. It is imaginati- on re^exciting upon, the prefence of an obje^, fuch perceptions as are conneded with it, and thereby diredtino; every fpecies of animals, without the afliftance ot reflection.
What we have been faying in regard to imagination and memory, may be applied to contemplation, as it rcfpcds ci- ther. If it be conudered as retaining perceptions in view, then it is plaifl» that the exercifc of it cannot depend upon ourfelves, until we have acquired the ufe of inAituted figns \ but if it be made to conAft in preferying the figns themfelves in vieWy we can, in this cafe^ have no exercile at all of it, io as to eftablifh a habit.
So Ions as we remain without the habit, or voluntary ex« ercife and exertion of imagination, contemplation, and me-o mory $ or whilfl: the habit of the two iirft is not fubordinato to our command, we cannot difpofe of our attention as we pleaje. For how indeed (hould we difpofe of it, when the foul ^ yet has no operation in her power, but paf}e$ from one object to another, only as ihe is dragged by thejr di^erent impreffiom? '
But fo foon as a man comes to conne£t his ideas with figns of his own chufing, his memory is formed. H^ begins of himfelf to difpofe of his imagination, and to give it a new habit. For by means of the Agns, which he is able to recal at pleafure, he revives, or at leafl is capable of reviving, thp ideas conoe^Eled with them. He obtains afterwards a greater command over his imagination, in proportion as he invent^ more figns^ becaufe thereby he procures more means of em-r ploying it. Tbefe particulars fhew in what manner the ufe of figns contributes to the progrefs of imagination, conten^- plation, and memory.
No fooqer is memory formed, and the habit or e^^ercife of imagination in pur own power, than the figns recoUe^ed by tbe former, and ideas revived by the latter, free the foul from gU dependence on furrounding objediis. Having it now in h^r power to recal whatever fhe has ieen, fbe can dire^ her wholp attentioi^ where fee pleafes, and transfer it from all prefent obje<^, Oi|r ability to di/pofc thus of our gttencioj^ is en*
iC£V«w, July 1756^ E tirely
"^
tircly owing to the affiftance alFotded us by the vnrAotjr of th^ imagination, which is the cffeft x>f great • memory ; otherwife we could not regulate ourfelves, but would be entirety fal^eft to the adion of external obje^.
The power of futCefsfaliy stpi^n^ our attention to difier- ent objeds at pleafure, or to the different parts of one objeA only, is what we call, to reJU^. Thtts we diftin£Uy perceive in what manner refleAion arifes from imagination and me- mory. But the degrees, by which this is efTeSed ought not to efcape our obfervation.
The very diwn of memory is fufficiem to render us matters of the habit of imagination. A fingie sirbitfary fign is enough to enable a perfon to revive an idea by himfeif. This is cer* fainly the iirft and fmalleft degree of memory,, and of that ^ command which we may acquire over imagination. The power it eives us of difpofing of our attentioiji, is the wedceft that can be. But fuch as it is, it begins to make us fenitM^ of the advantage of iigns, and incites us to embrace every op- portunity on which it may be either ufeftil or neceffiiry for us to invent new ones ; by this means the habits of memory and imagination are ftrengthened in us, and that of refledioa improved, which re-a<%ng upon imagination andtticmory, by which itfelf was produced, improves them in its turn. Thus thefe operations, by the mutual affiftance they lend, con- tribute to each others progrels. It is by refiedionwe bc^a to have a glimpfe of the capacity of the mind. So iong a» we do not direfl our attention ourfelves, the ibul is (ubjeS tx> whatever environs it, ftnd poflefies nothing but by extrkific impulfe. But when we becohie mailers of our own attefition^ and dired it agreeably to our wifhes, ^n it is that the mind af- fumes the difpofal ot itfelf, calls or difmifles ideas by itielf, and is enriched from its own fund.
The cfFeft of this operation is fo very great, that thereby we controul our perceptions, railing fome and deprefling others, in the famcfrumner almoft as if we had a power of producing and annihilating them. Suppofe I chufe one from among thofe which I aSually experience ; my confcioufnefi di it will immediately become ft> lively, and that of the reft fo weak, that it will appear to be thcf only one of which I am at- all confcious. Suppofe again, that next moment I have a mind to lay it afide, .in order to amufc myfclf entirely with one of thofe which made theflighteft impreffion on me; it will feem to be annihilated, Whilft another emerges from nothing.
Thus have we at length developed whatever was moft ab- ftruie aiid difficult to conception in the progrefs of the mind'*
ope-
r
Thofe which remabi to be fydkaa of, are Co nrntoSAXy tk« oi&priog of reicdion, tba( their origio, in Iboie mcafiire, explains itfdf.
From Reflexion, or the power of (lifpofing of our own tteolian^ drUes the power oJF cta^dering 9Ur ideas fiparaUly^ for the ftoie oonfciotffiicfs whkh ifltimatiely informs us of th€ {irefeiKfe of osrtttn ideas, and this is the \ffY charaderiftic of atsendoii, iaforffis «m alfo that they are diftindt. Were We cntifcif deflitute of the uife of reflei^ioot we could not tli/iin'- gutjb different obje£ts, but only in & far as diey (ingly made' a ▼ay ftrong impneifioA on us i all thofe which a<fled bulf mtmf\ would pab foe nothing.
In diftingutihing our ideas, we fometimes conflder thofe qualities which aie moft cflential to the fubjed, as entirely fe« paratcd from it. This is what we more particularly call, r#
Refle£tioo, from whence is derived the power of diAingui(h« ing idedb, gh«s ns lifcewtle that of cofoparing them, in 9rder to know their rehtions. This is done by transferring the at<^ eentfon alternately feom one to another, or by fixing it at the ^femie time on many.
After having di^ogviflied (eYetid ideas, we fometimes con-^ fider them colleSively, as forming only a itngle nof^on \ tf. other times we pneicind from a notion fome of its corapo« -iWBi ideas. And this is what.we.call, iQ c9mp9Und or dsxQm* f9und ideas.
When WA compare our ideas, pi»r Gonfcioufhels of them la the cauie of our knowing, that .tb<y jM'e the fame In Teveral nfyt&Sj or that they are not the fame« This twofold ope* radon is what we cdljvdging, and is plainly a confequence •fthectiier.
From the operaticm of Judging arifes that of Reafoning ) 4>r reaibiitng is only aconcateiMion of judgments, depending -one upon t)M other.
I have confined .myfelf to tbefe analyfes, in order to ibey the dependance of the mind's opertf ions, and how they are gradually originated* We firft have perceptions of which wc are conlcious. We afterwards form a more lively confciouf- nefs of fome perceptions; this becomes attention. Thence forward thefe ideas are conne^d, and confequendy we know 4hem again to he the fame we had before, and ourfelvea the fiiiiie wl|o had them ; this is Reminifcence. When the min4 .revives, or retains its perceptions, or only recollects the figns .of them } diis is Imagination, Contemplation, and Memory : but whea it dtijpofes of iu own attention, this is Refledio?*
54 An EJfay $n the Writings
In fine, from this latf , all the reft arife. It is properly Re* fle^ioD which diftingurfhes, compares, compounds, decom^ pounds, and analyfes ; for thefe are only different ways of con«- du^ling the attention. Hence too Judgment, Reafoning, and Conception, are formed ; and hence refults the undirftanding.^ Thus have we, from Mr. Nugent's tfanflation, prefented our Readers with a diflin£l view, in miniature, of thatftrong^ extenfive, and beautiful chain of reaibniag, whencby the Abbe de Condiilac, with a happine6 of geniUs peculiar to himfelf, entered into the human mind, and' unravelled air its mazes. Numberlefs fine ps^ages, like fb many \tSkx chains depending from the great one, have we been obliged to omit. We wi(h, indeed, that the Tranflator had been lefs £iith* ful to the words of his original ; that there were no French idioms to complain of; no obfcurity thrown .upon the work> by fo many Englifh words introduced in a foreign Cleaning. Yet the Abbe has been jb correct in explaining hts terms, that even the mere £ngli(h reader, tho' he may meet with his own. language very unufually applied, will be able^: by a finaH degree of attention, to apprehend the import of the argu*- ment, and accompany the Author through all' his reafonings. We referve the fecond part of this curious Efiay .for our next Review.
Conclujion of the Efpay on the Writings and Genius of Pope. See Review for June ktji.
IN . the profecution of this article, we Oiali not undertake to analy fe the whole of our Author's obfervations. Where far bas advanced any thing new, that we (hall febid: ; where any thing may with propriety IBe added, that we fhall endeavour i^ fupply : and where we conceive our Critic to.be in an erpof, that we (hall, with due deference, attempt to correal. We fhall now begin with the following exquifite lines. ■ In the fool while memory prevails ^ The folid force of underftanding fails ; •
Where beams of warm imagination flay . The memory's yfl//_/ffj<r««r#// away.
* There is hardly in any language,* fays the Kflayifl:, * a mo-
* taphor more appofitely appJied, or mot ^ elegantly expreffed,
* than this of the efFedh of the warmth of fancy. Although
* experience evinces that memory, underftariding, and fancy
* arc feldom united in one perfon, yet*w© ihere been fome
%fcw
€tnd Gmiui ^ Po P C« 53
< few tranicehdent geniufes 1^0 haVe been bleflcd whb aU
< three*' Thofe the Critic rccoilefled were, Herodotus, Pla* to, Tiilly, L^^> Tacitus, Gatilaeo, Bacon, Dob Cartes, Malbranche, Milton, Burnet of the Charter-houfe, fierklejr^ and Monte%uieu. Do notCaeiar, Plutarch, and Pliny the youi^r, among the antients, and Gaflendi, Peirefkios, Pi<- cus Mirandda, Erafmus, Buchanan, Scaliger, and Barrow amoi^ the nioderns, equally deferve that charader ? - If the accounts left us of the admuraUeCrichton*, may be depend* ed on, (and the authorities are ftrong) was he not a greater prodigy, in allrefpedb, than any of thofe we have mentioned?
One fcience only will one genius lit : So vaft is art» fo narrow human wit.
Upon this hypothefis our Critic gives a pleajing detail of au« tbors and painters^ who when they attempted any work out of their own walk, have generally failed. But in what follows, we conceive he lies open to fomc objeAion, * The modefty and
* good fenfe of the antients,' fays he, ^ is, in this particular; ' as remarkable as in others. The fame poet never prefumcd *' to underftand more than one kind of dramatick poetry, if we
* except the Cyclops of Euripides. A poet never prefumed
* to plead in public, or to write hiftory, or, indeed, any
* confiderable work in profe. The fame adors never recited
* tragedy and comedy. — They feem to have held tjiat univer*
* fality, not to fay divcrfity, at which the moderns ^jm, to
* be a gift unattainable by man. We, therefore, of Great *■ Britain have, perhaps, the more reafon to congratulate our- « felves on two very lingular phaenomena : I mean Shakc-
< fpear's being able to pourtray characters fb very different as ' FalftaiF and Macbeth, and Garrick's being able to perfonate « fo inimitably a Lear or an Abel-Drugger.'
It b poffible this Gentleman may not allow that Cicero, and Pliny the younger, fliould be ftiled poets, but he will not rc-r fiife that title to Ovid, and to Silius Italicus ; and yet Seneca fells us, that the former pleaded cauies with great fuccefs, and we know that the latter was an eminent orator.f It is noto- rious, that Ailnius Pollio brought feveral tragedies on the Ro*
• See MackefJEie's Liires. ^ f Lycophron wrote many Critical fiflkys in profe ; and befides hit Alexandra, exercifed htinfelf»wich fair (uGeefs«m almoft all the fields (^ pocfy, from the loicioefs pf tragedy* to the humble fpirit of Ana« grjim. Jt is alfo certain,, thast the author of the Thehaid wrote tragedy, (vid. Juv.) and that the poet Sidonius ApoIIioaris comporcd fcvcral volumes of Lcttcre in profe. ' Yid. Vit.
1 £ 3 man
p-ap
54 Ab Egity M thi Writings
tttan flm^e, with genersl af^plaufe, dmd ytt wfc hare the tdli^ mony of Horace far his having well nigh completed die Hif** tory of the Civil War. Is it certain that Rofcius did not wear the Sock as well a6 the Bdktn ?
Although other poetsf have excelled equally in tragedy and comedy, yet was Shakefpear, perhaps, the greateft prodigy that ever appeared in both : and we readily join ifTue withoiur Author, in the great diarader he gives ^Mn Qareick.
Our EfTayift deems Mr. Voltaire the moA aniv«rfal of att» thors ; and thinks, that either the tragedy of M6rop#, or dit Hiftory of Lewis XIV. would alone have immortalised bim^ {IS he writes almoft equally well both in profeand verfeb
After a)I, may not the moreeafy acquiiitionof fcierlce now a-days, by the means of printing, with the tmpoffibil^ty of a writer's living by anyone fpecies of cgmpofuion, particularly poetry, be the reafons why many of the moderns have excel* led in different walks, and that fome have well nigh completed the circle of univerfal knowlege ? — Our Author -goes on ; Thus Pegafus a nearer way to tike May holdty dtmtaJte from the common track, From vu'gar bounds with brave disorder ^rf^ And /natch a gract beyond the reach of art. Ht^re is evidently, as our Author remarks, a bUmeable mixtura of metaphors, where the attributes of the horfeand the whtenara. ponfounded. We come next to the celebrated finiileof the Alps*
So pleasM at firft the towVing Alps we try, ^
Mount o'er the vales, and feem to tre^ the fry ; , '
1 h* eternal foows appear already pad. And the firft clouds and mouncains feem the lafl i Bat, thofe attaint, we tremble to furvey The growing labours of the lengthened way, . :
Th' iucrflafingprorpe£l tires our »^andVing eyes, HilL peep o*cr hillsi and Alps on Alps anic!
This Comparifon, the Critic obferves, is often mentioned as an inlbnce of Pope's ftrcngth of fancy j but, in his opinion, th« images are too general and indi{lin£l; and he thinks thela^ linir conveys no -new idea to the mind. Here we b« leave to dif- fent from him j for as the poet has traced the moft exaft refem* Uance between things which, in appearance, are utterly unre- lated to each other, fo ai/b does be, in the laft line, really ^dd a mw idea^ by making that particular, which before wa4 general. In fine, we fliall not cafily be prevailed on, not to )ook upon this as one of the beft fimiles in our language.*^
\ Beaumont and Fletcher^ B«A« Johnfon, aod Drydes,
After
,amlGtmusof?ovz. 55
After all, however, we queflion if Mr. Pope was not indebc^ ed for the thought, to the very ingenious Drummond of Hawchomden : our readers will not be difpleafed with us if we cite the pUTage.
Ah f as a pilgrim who the Alps doth pfi % Or Atlas temples crowned with winter-giais 1 The airf Caacafus, the Apenuiie. Pyrenes dnShi wha« iim doth never ihine ; When he fone craggy hilb hath over went» *
BeffiiM to think of reft, bis journey ^ot : Tin mouDdng fome tall mountain he doth find More heights before him than he left behind.*
We (hall next proceed to cooCder What our Author hathi fiibjoined 10 the following tines.
Falfe elo^ence, like the pri&natic glaft. Its gau^ colours fpreads on every place ; The £ice of nature we no more furvey^ All glares alike, without diftmdion gay,
* The naafeous affc£htien of expreffiog every thing pomp-
* ouflv and poetically, is no where more vifible than in a poem
* lately pubiiflied, entitled Aniyntor and Theodora/ We^n by no means fubfcribe to tfaiscenfure of Mr. Mai*
let's Hermit. Without attempting to particularize what may be deemed the more poetical parts of this poem, we (hall only add, that whoever can read thcDifccviry in the fecond canto, and efpecially the Rtc0Viry of Theodora in the third, with- out tears, has not the feeling of a man : in thefe. Nature fpeaks her own language. Does our Critic afcertain the cir« cumibinces when poetry or plain language flxould be uied )
* The poem from whence thefe pi^lurefqae lines are extiafied^ being addreiTed to the Deity, the fimile is thus applied, ■■■ ■ So while I wouM me raife
To the unbounded limits of thy praife, ' Some part o' th' way I thought tg have o*er-rtin.
But now 1 fee how fcarce I have begun ;
With wonders new my fpirits range pofildfty
And wandering waylefs in a maae, them reA. ])nimmond was not only an excellent veriifier> for thofe times, but hat as much poetical thought in him as any of his cotemporariet in £ng«> land. His poems intitiedForth-PeaftiBg and MaeIiades,nottpmt&tio« his famous Macaronic piece PolemorMiddina« and oumy others, art prooft of this. 9^ Johnibfi walked from London m Drami^ond's felt ib the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, to pay our northern bard a vttt. The topics of tbtir di(cooriie are till preferved ia the Edia* burgh editiofi of X)raianiond*s works, folio, 1711.
E4 «•
56 . . An EJfay on the ff^rittHgs
He blames Pope for being profaic in morals, and here he ccnfures Mallet for ufmg figures in narration. — But to go on with our Author and his citations.
Where'er you find the cooling wcftern breeze. In the ntxt line it whiftles through the trees.
* tJnvaried rhymes,* fays he, * highly difguft readers of a good ^ ear.' If the rhymes are good the ear cannot be ofFended* ^he mind, indeed^ may, as by the iirft rhyme the fecond may be guelTed, by which the compoiition lofes the charm of novelty.
, « VVe have not,* he adds, * many compofitions where new
* ftnd uncommon rhymes are introduced.' He has, however^ mentioned fome poets who have been fiudious of this beauty^ Parnelle, Pitt's Vida, Weft's Pindar, Tbomfon's Caftle of Indolence, and the author of an Ode on Summer. Thefe licw rhymes, however^ do no great honour to their in- ventors.
' When rpcdking of the lines meant as inftances of adapting Ihe found to thcienfc, the Critic might have ijicwn that they are taken from Vida, lib. Illd. The Italian poet, howeveTf In his eKfemplifications, is not chargeable with the.fau|t juftly imputed by the Rambler to thofeof Pope. . Our Critic remarks on the following lines. Now they who reach Parnaffus' lofty crowns EnDploy their pains to fpurn fome others down.
That "^ the arts ufed by Addifon to fupptcfe the rifing merit ^ of Pope, which are now fully laid open, give one pain ^ to behold, to what mean artinces envy and malignity will
* compel a eentleman and a genius to defcend. It is certain,
* that Addiiurt difcouragcd Pope from inferting the machinery
* in the Rape of the Lock ^ that he privately infinuated that ^ Pope was a Tory and a Jacobite, and had a hand in writing
* the Examiners; that Addifon himfelf tranflated the firft
* book of ttomer, publifhed under Tickel's name j and that
* he fecretly encourHged Gildon to abufe Pope, in a virulent
* pamphlet, fcr which Addifon paid Gildon ten guineas/
' As we cannot fuppofe this Author would publi^ thefe things tigainft a man of Mr. Addifon's ch^rader, without fufficient toroofsof their certainty, fo ought he, in juftice, tohavefub«* joined them to the accufatton. If Addifon was guilty of thefe bafenefles, hts moral writings ought only to make him the liiore deteftable.
* The common opinion,* fays our Critic, « that the reign ^ of Charles- the fecond was the Auguftan age in England, h ' . V ^ • exceffively
c
Und Ginius «/ P o P B. ff
« l^kodfivdy falfc. A juft tafte was by no mtsm% yet formed*
< What was called Sheer- Wit, was alone ftudied and applaud- ed. Rochefter is faid to have had no. idea of better poetiy
*• than Cowley's* The King was perpetually quoting Hudi-
< bras. The negle& of fuch a poem as the Paradife Iroft,
< will for ever remain a monument of the bad tafte that pre*
< vailed. It may be added, that the progrefs of philological
< learning, and of what is called the Belle Lettres, i¥as, per- ^ haps, obftruAed by the inftitution of the Royal Society,
< which turned the thoughts of men of genius to phyfical en«
< quiries. Our ftile in profe was but beginning to oe poliflied$
< altho' the diSion of Hobbs is fufficiently pure: which philofo-
* pher, and not the jBorid Sprat, was the daffic of that age.* If Cowlev had not wrote EjQStys, Dryden Prefaces, Qa-
rendon his Uontroverfial Pieces and his Hiftory, we ihould, perhaps, have agreed with our Author. There were, how** ever, fome profe compofitions in the time of Charles the firft^ which, for a manly flow of diAion, and a rotunditas fententia^ riumj have not yet been furpaflcd.
We come next to this Writer's comment on the following couplet.
With mean complacence ne*er betray your trolly Nor be fo civil as to be unjuft.
* Our poet,' fays he, * pra£tifcd this excellent precept in
* his cenduA to Wycherly, whofe pieces he correfted with
* equal freedom and judgment. But Wycherly, who had
< a M hearty and an infufFerable fhare of vanity, and « who was one of the profefled wits of the laft mentioned age,
* was fbon difguded at this candour of Pope's, infomuch that
< he came to an open and ungenerous rupture with him.'
Does not the Critic here make rather too free with the hearts of other men ? It is, however, evident, that Pope, who muft have known W. better than Mr. ♦♦•♦♦• could poffibly do, thought difierently of that fpirited and witty comic writer ; for, in one of his Letters, written after Wycheriy's death, he bears exprefs teftimony to the probity of his departed friend. But to return :
Horace ftill charms with graceful negligence. And without method talks us into fenfe.
After agreeing with Mr. Hurd,* that the Epiftle to thcPifb'i
* Although we think that this excellent Commentator has fhewn the connexion of the icvcral parts of that poem, is nof Horace (lill blameable for having wrapt it up ia fuch a manner that the perfpi- c»city of To many agei was not fui!iciet)t to dcvclope it f
' ii
ipftriSlyflMiliiodical. aii4 not a<:ompIeat Ai:t ^f Pbedy, bat folely confined to the ftate and defeds of the Roman drama, eur Auihar thus proceeds. ' It feems alio to be another com-
* mon miftake, that one pf Horace's chara£teriftici is th« \ fitblirae } of which^ indeed, be has given a very few ftrobcs,
* and tlM>re taken from Pindar, afid» probably, from Alcaeus.
* His cacpellen^e lay in exquifite otxTcrvations on human life,
* and in tpucbing the foibles of mankind with a delicate ^ «rbani^. It is eafy to perceive this moral turfi in all hia
* ^ooiiipditio9a> The writer of the Epiftles b difceme4 in < the Odes* SUgsmiey not Suh&mhy^ was his grand chacac*»
* twiftic/
How fnigsd is our Critic of his praife? Horace undoubC^ CMlIy po&i&d elegance in a very eminent degree, and many of ^b Odes are moral and fatyric } but can no poet who drawi vm^s frm. fitmiliar lift^ and makgs remarks that c$mi homi U pm^ihifinffi and boUms^ he fublirmf What then muft be- cpme of Pindar, whole Odes abound widi ethic fentences ?--^ But why muft Horace have borrowed his very few ftrokn of the fubUme from Pindar and Alcaeus ? How far the Ronian borrowed from the Le(bian poet, whom he regarded with a lingular reverence, as the Critic cannot determine, ib was there no occafioh for the infmuatxon. The old Scholiafts mention but one or two lines f which Horace tranflated from Akms % and had there been more, thofe gentlemen, who were fuffici** ently fond of {hewing their reading» would not have failed t9 have Guoted them. Befides, as the hatred of tyranny was the charaaeriftical excellence of Alcaeust could the courtier of Auguftus imitate him in that ? And as to his love and focial compofitions, delicacy, not fublimity, feeixis to be their per? fc^ton. We, indeed, know that Horace has made freer with the Theban bard. Yet how many imitations have Critics^ after all their fearch, been able to find in the RomanLyrift? not above half a dozen paiTages ;* and we will venture to afr firm, that they have not changed condition^ for the worfp, an<^i that xhtPinAirum quijquis Siudet amulari^ not only ibews thajt . Horace could be as fublime as Pindar,- when he chofe it, but, throws the ballance of literary obligation on Horace's fide.
' But left that Ode fliould not equally ftrike our iogenioua. Critic, he is defired to confider. the following Odes, and thea^ to declare >f there are any in Pindar fuperior to them, viz. Odes 15, 35^ 37» of tfaefirftbooki Oitesx> 13 (whichtbfi*
+ Odcxviii. Lib. j.
^ Odexii. lib. i. is the molt remarkable imitation.
Critic
Critic thinks ibt befl in Horace) and 19^ of the fecond book ; and erpecially Ode i, 3, 4, the CharaAcr of Regulus in the 5tb9 and the 25th of the third book ; Ode 4, 9, and 14 of the fourth book, not to mention fome of the Epodes.
Indeed Horace, in his Satyres and Epiftles, modeftly diC- daims not only all title to fablimity^ but e^n to poetry ; and in his Od^ often fays, that his Mute Was not fuicod to fobfedt ivf grandeur, butfung
Conrivia et prslia virgioum, ^£tis in juvenes unguibus acnam, Non praetcrfolitamTcvis.
Yet can we by no means agree with him* To go on :
In grave QglntHian's copiotta work we £nd. The yjAeA rules and cleared method joinM.
To recommend Quintilian, fays the Critic, very juftly, barelf For his method, and to infift merely on this excellence, is be- low die merit of one of the moft rational and el^ant of Ro- man writers. As no author ever adorned a (cientifical treatife idth' (a many beautiful metaphors, he afforded matter for a more appvopri^ed and poetical chara&er.
Art. 42., After praifuig the abrupt addrefi to Lronginus,* headds,f the tafte and fenfibilityof Longinus were exquifite, but his obiervations were too general, and his method too ioofe. The precifion of the true philofophical critic is loft in the declamation of the florid rhetorician.
Aft. 43.
From iKe fane foei, at laft* both felt their dooiOj And the fame age faw learning fsdl and Rome.
Our author remarks, that tho' it was the opinion of Longi* aos, Shaftlbury, and Addifon, that arbitrary governments are pernicious to the fine arts as well as to the fciences ; yet mo- dem Hiftory has afforded an example to the contrary^ Painting, fculpture, and mufic have beentfeen to arrive at a hig^ perfedion in Rome, notwithftanding the fuperftition and ilavery that reign there : nay, that fuperftition itfelf has been highly produSive of thefe fine arts : for with what enthuftafui nmft a popilh pakiter work for an altar piece f — That the fine arts, in ihort, are naturally attendant upon power and luxury. JBttt the fdeoces require unlimited freedom to raife them to. Iheir ftiU vigour and girowtb. In a monarchy Acre may be po-
• Thee, boki Loaginus, all the Nine Hifpife, And blefs their Critic with the poet*sme. f AsMr.Hnrdhadobfcrvedbdoretim*
66 An EJfay on the Writingt
et$, painters, andmuficians; butorators, hiftoriatis, and*phi« lofophcrs can exift in a republic alone. He proceeds.
A Tecpod deluge learning thus o*er-run.
And the Monks finiHiM wh^c the Gochs begun.
5 Every cuftoni and opinion that can degrade humanity, was
* to be found,' fays theEifayift, * in the times here alluded
* to. The moft cruel tyranny, and the grofleft fupcrftitioi^ « reigned without controuL Men feemed to have loft not on-
* ly the light of learning, but of their common reafoning. « Duels, Divinations, the Ordeal, and all the oppreffive cuf-
* toms of the feudal laws, were unlvcrfally praAifed : Witch-
* craft, Pofleifions, Revelations, and Aftrology, were genc-
* rally believed. I'hc clergy were fd ignorant, that in fbmc
* of the nK)ft folemn aih of Council, luch words as thcfe, um ^ my Lord Bijhop cannot write himfelfy at his requeji I bavt
* fubfcribed* They were at that time fo profligate, as topublifli ^ absolutions for any one who had killed his father, mother, ^ filler, or Wife, or had committed the moft enormous pel*
* lutions/
Thu» juft and animated picture evidently (hews, that fupef'-- Jlttion and tyranny are, in their natural tendency, not only de^ Urudtivc of the Jciences, but of the arts of beauty. And if Taflb and Raphael flourifbed in arbitrary governments, their fucce(s was owing to the fmiles of the court. What poets, painters, or muficians has eaftern defpotifm produced ?
But, however, let us not load the clergy of the middle cen^ twies with more odium than they deferve. What learning was then known in Europe, they, and they only, pofleiled*
At length Erafmus, that great injured name, (The glory of the priefthood» and the (hame) Stem in *d the wild torrent of a barbarous age. And drove thofc holy Vandals off the ftagc.
Our Critic wifhes Mr. Pope had drawn a fuller portrait of this wonderful man, of whom, according to our Author, he ap* pears to have been fo fond, as to declare in his Letters, that he bad fomc defign of writing his life in Latin.*
• This is not ftri6\!y true. Some lines in the Eflay on Crtticifoii irtd parctcularty thofe relating to Erafmuf, having difpleafed many bigot t^d Catholics, Pope fays. In one of his Letters totbeHonoor<^ able J. C. ihactif they did not fuiFer the mention of Eraimus to pafs unregarded, he fhould b^ forced to do, that for his rep4^tion which be would never do foi his own ; that is, to vindicate fo great t ii^ht of his Church from the malice of pad tinies^ and th9 i^o-
rance
4mdG/mus9f?o^t. ^1
This defipd our Author has, however^ well fupplied ^ an4 the pifture he has drawn of that celebrated Hollander, is one of the oioft (hining palTages in the book :— *to which we refer, and proceed with the Poem.
Bat fee each Mufe in Leo^s golden days Starts from her traxure, and trims her withered hajt i Rome'9 ancient genius o'tt its rains fpread Shakes off the duft, and rears his rev Vend head. The Critic, on this beautiful paliage, adds, with juftice, one age of learning to the four mentioned by Voltaire.
The &ft age is that of Philip and Alexander, the fecond that of Ptolomy Philadelpbus King of Egypt, (this is the age added by our Author) the third is the age of Julius Caclar and Aueuftus, the fourth is that of Julius IL an4 of Leo X. and thel^.is that of Lewis XIV. in France, and of King William and Q. Anne m England. In thefe feveral ages, the }iuaian mind exerted itfelf in aa extraordinary manner, as literature and the fine arts then attained to a perfection noC equalled in other periods. The Critic has given us a lift of .the extraprdinary men who fiourifhed in thofe ages, but in all of ihem has omitted fome eminent names.
We come now to the encomium on Mr. Wallh. Smh late was Wai(h, the MiHes judge and friend.
Ijpon this he makes the following excellent remark.
• If Pope has given too advantageous a character of Walfh^ < It muft be attributed to friendmip rather than judgment.
* WaMh was in ceneral a frigid, flimfy writer. But rope owed •* much to Walln ; it was he- who gave him an important piece
* of advice in his early youth ; for he ufed to tell our author, that « there was one way left him by which he might excel any of « hii prcdcceflbrs ; which was by corre^fnefs : that though, ih-
* deed, we had feveral great poets, we as yet could fijaft of
* none- that were perfeSly correSf^ and that, therefore, he ^ advifed him to make this quality his particular ftudy.
* Correff Kefs' IS a vague term, frequently ufed without mean-
* ing and precifion. It is perpetually the naufeous cant of ^ the French Critics and their pupils, that the Englifli wrrters
* are generally iW^rr^^. IfCorrcftnefs implies an abfenceof pet-
* lyTaute, this, perhaps, may be granted. If it means that be*- « canfe their tragedians have avoided the irregularities of Shake^-
* fpear,' and have obferved a jufter oeconomy in their Fables,
rancc of the prefent, in a language which might extend farther than that in^ which the triBe (at he is pleafed to call It) about Criticifo was written*
« that
r
6^ Alt Bpym «&# ff^rkkgt
* that therefore their Athalia \% perfertiWc to Lear^ lh^iMfQ«i
* is abfurd. The Hmriad \s free from any grofe fiiiihs ; ftik « who wiN dare to rank ft with the Parddifi L^Jlf The deda-^
* mations with which fome of their moft (>ef fed trageAev a*
* bound, may be reckoned as contrary to the nattire of that
* fpecies of poetry, and as deftnifUve of its end^ as thefsols
* or grave-diggers of Shakelpear. That the French vavj
* boaft fome exceHent Critics^ particulsiriy BolTu, fiQtleaut ^ Fenelon^ and Brumoy, cannot be denied; but that fbtj ^ are fufficient t9 firm a tafte upon^ without having raeuffi h
* the genuini fountains of atlpalite Kterature^ I mean tbiGrt^
* eian writers^ no one but a Juperjfciol Scioliji can alkw,
'' I conclude tbefe reAeaions with a remarkable k6b, fn "• no polijhed nation^ after Criticifm has been much ftuMei^ and « the rules of writing eftahUfhed^ has any very extraordinary
* wwrk ever appeared. This has vifibly been the cafe in Oreec^ •• in Rome, and in France, after Ariftottc, Horace, ahd Boi*
* leau, had written their Arts of Poetry. In our own cottn«- ^ try, the rules of the drama, for inftancc, were nerer moffe
* compleatly underftood than at prefcnt^ yet what ftur/itfeC
* refting^ though faultlefs tragedies have we latdy fecn ?* We conceive this laft obfcrvation is not hfftorically fttie.
Was ever critical knowlege* more generally known than in the time of Ptolomy Philadelphus i but did the poetical conjfdkh fimthat adorned that period produce no very extraordinary work? Has any age left us a more wonderful perfbitiv ance than Lycophroo's Alexandra ? If Shakefpear and I«ee are fo 'much praifiid for hitting ofF the fhort cbaradcr of a frantic pcrfon, what an^ atchievement was it to £11 a whole
rm with the fingle repfefentation of a poflefTed womflpii irawing the image of conmm m^^dnefi, it is enough totbe *handfomeiy ahj^ufi% but when the /r^nzjp is fuppofed to be ^i^ jwnc'i and the fit to proceed from a miraculous tranfport, tbea there muft be a dark cor^ency of fpeech as well as an appeaf^ ing di/ira^ion ; there muft be the obfcure certainty as well as the 9pm fury of an oracle. This Lycopbron has performod to admiration; amd thofe who can read that poem muft ao> Icnowlege, that it is one of the moft original pieces of anti>- c[uity. But further, is there nothing very extraordinary in Catlimachus's Hymns, e^cially thofe to Jupiter, and Apol)o? nothing in the Idylliums of Theocritus? Did not the latter 'invent and bring to perfedio'n,' a fpecies of poetry, for which he will be admired forever? Is there nothing vory exira^ ordinary in the Ph^enomena of Aratus^ which Cicero took the trouble to tranflate ? If the Critic means^ by a. viry oxtra^ * ordinary
miGimmrf?ot%. (j
wMmmj work, an Epic Poon, be niuft go a* Utile fiirdMt teck AaA the time t>f Ariftotle^ for we may venture to affi«iii» that Homer has exhaUfled aU the gceac ibnrces •f beroic in* vmMioii I ibthat nothing lutt been added by his poetical pofle» tity. Tbe inventive iacrities are much more cuTuaifcribed thanrid oMioKinly fiipfiofed, A &w fimpie ideas are all its ntbm^fi florets Our Author has not fiiffictenthr attended io this when he accures Pope of barrenneft* He wno inrichet a tlHiTfc with a xnewmtrml fintimuty is m much an inveotor at he who lecftes a tale of fancy. Bat what poet ever intro^ duoed fi> many new thingi^ in that way^ as IV)pe ? If the Critic does not allow thar there is any thing vtry ixtraardiwrny in LiKan, Statins, SiUns Itaficus, and Valerius Flaccus^ he wiH not deny that epithet to Taib's Gierufaleflusie Libentta i and yet it is certain that Ariftotle's Poetics had been pubiifhed widi an eaxrellent Commentary by Caftetvetfo, (not to aenti- oo ftnir Treatife on Poetry, and particularly one on Heroic Poetry, by Taflb's father) long before the Jernfalem was com- yofcd ; and was not the Heroic Comic inrented in that conn^ try biitthe laft century ? We recolfed no poem of. zvnyex- irmrjinary iitatHreprcxluced in Francp before Boslem publilhcd Us Art of Poetry, If any exception, be brought in favour ef feme of Corneile's pieces, we aik, was he ignorant of Arii^ ^Otler
The fourth fedion is confined to obfervations on the Rape ef tbe Lock, Here we have the moft ftriking convi<^n, how* much the Critic was pleafed with his &bje£l i for he reaDy infpires hisreaden with the fatisfadion4ie felt. And ja juftice to this part of his work, we muft obferve, tba# ivhene ail is ib excellent, extra£b mufi prove inadequate to ib merit; and therefore the original fliould be confnlted. . The Heroic'comic Poem, iheAuthorrightlyob&rves, was miknown to the antients ; and becaufe more delicate in its r&- |iroof, and more engaging from its narrative nature^ may jufl- ly be cfieemed the moft excellent kind of fatyr. And if the taodems have excelled the antients in any fpecies of writing, •itvfeems CO be in this.
Tafloni, (according to our Author) or Bracciplini, firfbintro* duoedkthe heroi-comic into Italy, as fioileau* did into France ; G«A t imiutedhim in England, and Pope farpafled them all^
The Critic's account of the Secchia rapitey and of- the La* trin^ is very entertaining ; but we cannot help thinking, dlat he has allowed too little originality, (to ufe an expreffio^ of
• InhisLutrin. ' t Ixi-hi* Difpenfary.
t in his Rape of the Loc c.
bis
his own) to Dr. Garth's performance $ . nor can we oonc^^t how he could venture to mention the Sangrado of Le Sage as a better fatyr on Phyficians than the Djfpenfaiy. But .as an examination of thefe matters would lead us wide of our pur* po(e, we fhall only obfervet that we think it no exaggerated panegyric ,tQ fay, with him, that the Rape of the Lock is the heft uityr extant ; — that it contains ^ the trueft and livelieft
* pidure of modern life^ and that the fubjo^ is of a more
* elegant nature, as well as more artfully condufled than that
< of any other heroi-comic poem. Pope here appears in the ^ light of a man of gallantry ,^ and of a thorough knowlege ^ of the world ; and, indeed, he had nothing in bis carriage
* of that affe(3ed iingularity, which has induced ibme men of
* genius to defpife, and depart from, the eftablifhed rules of po«
* iitenefs and civil life.*
The Critic then praifing the Splendid Shilling, the Mufct*
pula, and the Scribleriad of Mr. Cambridge,* thus concludes.
' If fome of the moft candid among the French Critics begin
* to acknowlege, that they have produced nothing in point of
* fublimity and majejiy equal to the Paradife Loft, we may
< alfb venture to affirm,' that in point of delicacy^ elegance^ "^ fine turned raillery^ on which they have fo much valued ^ themfelves, they have produced nothing equal to the Rape
* of the Lock, // is in this compofitim that Pope principal^
* appears a P$et, in which he has dijpiayed more imagination ^ than in all his other works taken together^ It fhould, hoW¥
* ever, be remembered, that he was not the firft fonner of
* thofe beautiful machines the Sylphs, on which his claim to ** imagination is chiefly founded j he found them exifting re^
^ ally to his hand, but has, indeed, employed them with iin^
* gular judgment and artifice/ . . The fifth fedion contains obfer\'ations on th? Elegy to an
unfortunate Lady, and the Epilogue to Jane Shore. ;
The firft of thefe pieces, as it came from the heart, fo the Critic juftly ftiles it, very tender and natural ; more fo than any other copy of verfesy (to ufe a phrafe he has not difdainod to adopt) of our author. He prai fes the ftriking abruptnefs, and flrong imagery, of the beginning, the execration on the Lady's
* Id enumerating the mock-heroic poems of EngUihmeo, Oiur Anthor takes no nociceof Addifon's Batik of the P/gmies and Cranes hjl Machinas GeiHcuIantes and Bowling Green iu Latin, and of |l^r. Somervilc's HobbinoU which has none of the faults impute ed bv Mr. Cam bridge to the Lutrin, the Dilpenfary, the Rape of the Lock, and the Punciad. ..
- ' relations^
ntnd dinius ^ Po P fi; 6^
ttiatibiiSy who had driven her to that deplorable extmnity. the defolation of the^ family, for its lively circumftanccs ana |iit>fopopaeia, the incident of her dying in a foreign country, and the poetical ufe he has made of her being denied the rite of fepulture, from the manner of her death;
What the' no facred earth allow thee room. Nor hallowM dirge be mutierM O'er thy tomb ? Yet (hall thy graVe with rifing flowVft be drefti And the green turf li^ lightly on thy breaft : There (hall the Morn herearliefl tears beflow» There the £rft rofcs of the year Hiall blow.
« If this Elegy be fo excellent,* adds the Critic, « it ma^
• be afcribed to this caufe, that the occaiion of it was real |
* for it is an irtdijputable maxim, that nature is more powerful ^ than fancy ; that we can always feel more than we can ima-
* gine; and that the moft artful fidion muft give way to
• truth.*
Thert is foiiife obfcarity in this indifputable maxim. When a genius copies nature, yet engages nis heroe in adventured which, thoush they never did happen to any ohe perfon. Blight have happened, may not our tears be as plentiful amd geniiine as thofe that are ihed for ^ny accident, how- ever well attefted by hiftorians ? For inftance, do we not feel as much concern for Amyntor in the Hermit, as if his diftrefles had been founded in hiftorv ? Nay, has not Fancy here the advantage of Truth f for, by felefting circumflances fi-om the whole poffible round of mifery, £he may engage the heroe of the piece in events, which never yet were the lot of one man. We willingly, indeed, allow that We arc left interefted in the diflrefles of mere imaginary Beings., Milkah* affeds us lefs in her fufterings than ClariiTa.
* Pope's Prologue to Addifon's Cato b fuperior,* fays our Author, • to any of Dryden's Prologues. Thofe of Dryden
* are fatyrical and facetious, this ot Pope is folemn and fu- ^
• Mime. Dryden's contain genera! topics of wit and criti-
• cifin, and may precede any play ; Pope's Prologue to Cato
• IS appropriated to the tragedy it was defigned to introduce,
* as the moft ftriking images and allufions it contains, are
* taken with judgment from fome pafl'ages in the life of Cato < himfelf.* Of this the Critic produces two fine inflances. SeetheEiTayitfelf.
• Thr came of a Fairy iai beautifi;! p^em of Titkcl's, on Kca- fmg'on ga den.
Ilsv July, 1256. ^ • Wit*
<66 An EJfaj m the Writings
* With rcfpcft to fprightly tarns and poigBAiicy of wit, f the prologues of Dryden have not been equalled. The
* reader may find twenty of them in the firft edition of the ^ firft volume of Tonfon's Mifcelianies. Maay of them were ^ written on occafion of the players going to Oxford i acui^
< tom» for the negled of which no good reafon can be affign*
< ed, except, perhaps, that even the players muft now, for*
< footh, follow the contemptable cant of decrying that moft ^ learned Univerfity, and of doing nothing that may contri-
* bute to its pjeafure and emolument.'
From fome former paflages in this Eflay, we fufpeded that the Author had been an Oxonian ; but the laft quotation is a proof, next to dcmonftration, that he is little acquainted with that moft learned univerfity ; otherwife he muft have known» that the f^ue- Chancellors alone have the power of allowing plays to be a£ted in that city, and within five miles of it $ ana that, therefore, thofe Gentlemen, and not they who decry the univerfity, would feem reprehenfible if the Oxonians are .either deprived of pleafure or emolument. But to do juftke to all, the Vice-Chancellors may be vindicated in their prohi* l)ition of plays ; it was intended to prevent the youth froca Wng debauched, and other bad confequences.* Perhaps if plays could now be performed without women, as form«rr ly, Oxford might again have theatrical reprefeptations.
The Prologue leads the Critic to confidcr the Tragedy itfel^ which he blames as deftituteof adion, pathos, and evencha^ ra£ler, and as taking up more, time than it needed; but he does not do juftice to the fublimity of ibme of the fpeecbea, and the philofopHica) precifion of the fentiments. The fimile of Mount Atlas, and of the traveller fmotherGdin the defert, he allows to be in character, but thinks them fufficiently ob» vious. That of the mountain is, indeed, obvious, and has it the lefs propriety on that account ? But how can the fi- mile of the traveller be ftiled obvious, when it is the firft of the kind in the Engliih tongue ? After all, both the fimiliea^ ,jn our opinion, are out of place, as the inftances are few, where a comparifon can be introduced in tragedy with any fort of propriety. ,
The Eflayift thinks the loves of Marcia and Juba, of Lucra and Fortius, arc vicious and infipid Epifodes ; and fays, thdy * debafe the dignity, anddeftrpy the unity, of the fable.' Iji-
* Such bad confequeaces liave aflually happened in that very Univeifityi of VL^Icii mi^ances infghc be mencioncd..
end Gifiius ofPoift* 67
itt&^ wluere love is only the fecondary paiEon, in a p]ay> it can never g^tly a(Fc<Et.
From htscriticifm on this tragedy, theAuthor proeeds tocon* iider Mr. Addifon^s other writings. The Letter from Italy he thinks no way equal to a fubje^^ fo fruitful of genuine poetry, and which midit hav'e warmed the moil cold and corred ima- gination. * One would have expe£^ed (adds he) a young tra- ' veller, in die height of his genius and judgiAent, would 5 have broke out into fomeftrokes of enthufiafm. With what ^ 'flataeis and unfeelingnefs has he fpolcen of jdatuary and,
* painting ? Raphael never received a more phlegmarick clo*
* gy. The flavery and fuperftition of the prefent Romans
* are well touched upon, towards the conclufion ; but I will
* venture to name a little piece, on a parallel futyc^fl, that
* gfesttly excels this celebrated Letter, and in which are as
* oracfa lively and original imagcns flrong painting, and man-
* ly fendments of freedom, as I have ever read in our lan-
* guage. It is a Copy of Verfes written at Virgirs tomb, and ^ printed in Dodfley's K)urth volume of Miiceilanies/
Never was any thing more unjuft than the character here , given us of Mr. Addifon's Letter from Italy. What can be more poetical than his defcription of the Italian rivers^ and efpedallyofth^Po?
Fir'd with a thoufand raptures I furvey EridaQus through flowery meadows flray, The King of Floods ? that rolling o'er the pbtnt^ The tow'ring Alps of half their moillure drains. And proadly f«f olo with a whole winter's frx>kVs« Diftr^Lttes weakh and plenty where he flows*
What more beautiful than
. Sometimes, mifguided by the toneful throng, I look for dreams immortalized in fotigi That loft in filence and obti viofn He, Dumb are their fountains, and their channels dry ! Yet run for ever by the Mu(e*s flcill^ And in thefmootfa defcription murmar (lill..
Nor is the defcription of the Tyber lefs pi<9tirefquc. This however, we (hall, omit together with his elegantly fubltme compliment to Lord Halllux, and only afk the impartial reader, whether die following lines are deftitute of poetical enthufiafin*
See how the golden groves around me fmile. That Ihun the coaft of Britain*s ftiormy ifle. Or when tranfplanted, and preferved ^viih care».... . . . Cur/i ibt cold clime t and dai^Ve in noftheru air.
F 2 Here
68 JIn EJfaf on the JVritlrtgs
Here ktndly warmth their mounting juice fermcDtl To nobler taftts, and more exalted fccnts : E^en the rough rpfii wtb tender myrtU hloom^ And trodden nveeds find out a rich perfume. Bieir me feme God to Baias gentle J eats ^ Or cover me in Umbria^s grten retreuti ; Where nueftem gales eternally re fide ^ And a U the feafo ns lavijh all their pride : Blojfoms^ and fruits^ and Jlowers^ t'^getber rife And the ivhole year in gay confufhn Ucs^
Is not the dcfcription of the ruins of Rome nobly zmmsLtsA^' and particularly the four laft lines ?
Where the old Romans deathlefs a£)$ difplay^d.
Their bafe degenerate progeny ttpbraid :
Whole riven here forfake the fields below,
Andf wondering at their height ^ through airy eheueueis Jh^w* *
Nor can we think Mr. Addifon's verfes on Statuary, and on' Raphael) fo flat and unfeeling as the Critic reprefents diem. Still to new fcenes my wandering Mufe retires. And the dumb fbovs of breathing roc it admires ; Where the fmooth chifTel all its force has fhown. And foftned into flefh the rugged ft one. In folemn filence^ a majfftic hand, heroes f andGods^ and Roman Conjuls fland^ Stem tyrants, whom their croel ties renown. And Emperors in Parian marble yr9<u;ff; Wdile the bright Dames to whom they humbly fud^ Still fhovj the charms that their proud hearts ftibdu'*d*
If the encomium on Raphael is lefs animated, the following lines, however, exhibit a pi£ture more lively and glowing than any that ever flowed from the pencil of that wonderful artid: as the moral, too, is well worthy of a Briton.
How has kind Heav*n adorn*d the happy land, ^
And fcatter'd blcffings with a wailcful hand I
But niuhat mvasl her usuxhaufted ftores^
Her blooming moumtaius^ and her funny fhores^
With all the gifts tbest hemven and earth inrpart^
'The fmiies of nature, and the charms of art.
While p'Oitd OppreJ/son in her vallies riignSf
And Tyranny ufu*-ps her happy plains f
7"e poor inhabitant beholds in vnin ' - . ^
The t ed'ning orango^ and the fwelliesg gs^mtK i
yoyltfs he fees the growing oils and ivtnes.
And in the wyrtU^s fresgrant fittde repines i
Starves^ in the midfi of nature'' s bounty curfl^
And in the louden ^ueyard dies for thirft, — • The aqueduOs. .
Indeed
andGemns 9/Vofn. 69
Indeed the ilavery and ruperilicion of the Romans are to ivell touched upon, toi^arrfs the conclufion, that none byt the ao* thor of the verfes he fets in competitipn with Addifon, or the Author's very partial friend, could ever havje dream'd of the parallel; yet are we far from denying that Copy pf Verfes ics due merit;
* That there are many well wrought defcriptions,' adds the Critic, 'and even pathetic ftrokes in the Campaign' (which he eliewhere calls a Gazette in rhyme) ^ it would be ftupidity < and malignity to deny. But furely the regular mai^n ^ which the poet has obfcrved, from one town to another, as
* if he had been a Commifiary of the army, cannot well be « excufed/
Mr. Voltaire, however, (whcfe judgment our Author, on other occafions, has readily adopted, and whom we all Mow to be not over partial to the Englilh poets) thought very ^il^ ferently of the Campign. That fpirited author, after de- icribing the battle of Blenheim, thus .proceeds ; Les remeici* ments des Chambresdu parlement, ceu;c des vilies & des bour- gades, les acclamations d' Angleterre furent le premier iprvt qui] recut de fa vidoire. Le foeme du celehre Addijoriy monument plus durah/e fue k palais de Blenheim^, eft compte, par cette na- tion guerriere et favante, parmi les recompenfes les plus ho- ' norables du Due de Marlborough. But to return to our Cri- tic ; who is {o candid as to allow due praife to feme other parts of Mr. Addifon's works, particularly his profe pieces. * In various parts,' ' of his profe Eflays, are to be found < many ftrokes of genuine and fublime poetry, many marka f of a vigorous and exuberant imagination ; particuliCrly
* in the noble Allegory of Pain and Pleafure, the Vifion of
* Mirza, the Story of Maraton and Yaratilda, of Conftantia*
* and Theodofius, the beautiful Eaftern Tale of Abdallah
* and Balfora, and many others, together with feveral flrokfs « in theEflay on thePleafurcs of the Imagination. After all» ^ the chief and chara^eriftical excellence of Addifbn was his ^ tumour ; fpr in humour no mortal has excelled him, except ^ Moliere ; witnefs the charader of Sir Roger de Coverly,
* fo original, fo natural, and fo inviolably preferyed, particu-
* larly in the month which the SpeSator fpends at his Hall in
* the country ; witnefs alfo the Drummer, that excellent and ■* neglected ^6nfiedy, that juft pitSture of life and real maa-
« ners, where the poet never fpcaksin his own perfon, or to*
* tally drops or forgets a charafter, for the fake of introducing
* a brilliant fimilc, or acute remark : where no train is laid fer
* wit; no Jeremys, or Bens, are fuffcrcd to appear^*
■ - ' ' F3 Th*
/
/
y
^^ K An Effay ^n tb$ fX^iiings
The Crhic next confiders the Epilogue to Jana Shore, which, he fays, * is written with the air of gallantry and rail-
* lery, which, hy a ftrange pervcrfion of tafle, the audience ^ expedh in all epilogues to th^ moft ferious and pathetic ^ plays. To .ncommml cmhUomy iffid palliate adujlfry^ is
* their ujual inUni*
This Epilogue leads him to confider Rowe as a writer; and whom he jufHy reprcfents as rather delicate and tender, than ftrong and pathetic; and as Toothing us with a tranquil and tender fort of complacency, rather than cleaving the heart with papgs of commiferation. * His diftrefles are entirely founded on the paffion of love. His didion is extreme^ elegant and chafte ; and his verfification highly melodigus. His plays are declamations, rather thandi^logiies; and his eharaders are general, and undiftinguiihefd from, each other* Such a furious charader as that of Bajaxet is eafily jdrawn^; and let me add, eaitly adled. There is a want or unity in the feble of Tamerlane* The death's head, dead body, and fiage hung in mourning, in the Fair Penitent,' are ii|« artificial and mechanical methods of afFeftihg^n aildieiKse. In a word, his plays a^e mufical and pleafin^. poems,' by t inaftive and unmoving tragedies. This of Jane Shore, is, I think, the moft interefting and aflfefiing of any he })^s given us ; but probability is fadly violated in ]t, by the nf- gtefl: of the unity of time. For a perfon to be fuppofed ^ be ftarved during the reprefentation of 6ve a6ts, is a Unk- ing inftance of the abfurdity of this violation. In this pl^e^ as in all of Rowe*s, are many 'florid fpeeches, ut« terly inconfiftent With the ftate ^nd circumftances of the d#- ftrefs/ul peifonagcs who fpcak them.' Of this, as he gives feme inftances, fo does he alfo candidly quote fome that are ex- tremely natural and tender. What ^horc anfwers to her hqf- band, when he aflcs her movingly, •
Why doft tbou £x :hy dying eyes upon mc With facb an earned, fuch a piteous Jock. A< if thy heart was full of fome fad meaning Thou couldft not fpeak ?—
Is, he obcrves, pathetic to a great degree j and
Forgive me, hut forgive me !—
Ace words, adds he, that far exceed the. moft pompous der clamations of Cato. * The interview between Jane Shore
* and Alicia, in the middle of this aft, (continues the Critic)
* is alfo very aiFeding : whepe the madnefs of Alicia is well ' painted. But of all reprefentations of madqefs, that of
andGinius of Popt. jt
«. Clementina, in Gran^ifen, is the moft decpFy intercfting.
* I know not whether even the madnefs of Lear is wrought up
* and exprefied by fo many /////if flrokes of nature, and genuine
* paffon. It is abfolute pedantry to prefer and comp^ire the ^ madnefs of Oreftes in Euripides, to this of CJementina.'-— We are glad our Author did not, in the heat of his panegy- rical ftrain, boldly, at once, tack the Caflandra of Lyco* phron t6 Oreftes, the more completely to fill the triumph of the Neapolitan lady.
He fuppofes, that Jane Shore is the moft popular of Row's plays, from its being founded in our hiftory ; and from thence jiidicioufly takes occadon to recommend to our tragic writers, owe Jofw/ficafa^aj if not too antient, nor too recent, as fub- je£b(he moft interefting and ufeful.
This brings our Critic back to Pope, who, he informs us» k faid to ^ have framed a defign of writing an epic poem, on a fad recorded in our old annalifts, and therefore more en- gaging to an Englifhman: the arrival of ^Brutus^ thefup* pofed grandfon of ^neas, in our ifland, and the fettlement of the iirft foundation of the BritiiOi monarchy. A full fcope might have been given to a vigorous imagination, to embellifti a fidion drawn from the bofom of the remoteft antiduity. — But fhall I be pardoned for fufpeding that Pope would not have fucceeded in this defign ; that fo didafftc a genius would have been deficient in thztfubHmi and pa^ ibetie^ which are the main nerves of the Epopea; that he would have given us many elegant defcriptions^ and many ^^n^Wcharaders, well drawn, but would have failed to fee before our eyes, the reality of thefc objedls, and the a6lions of thefe charaders : for Homer profeflcdly draws no charac- ters, but gives us to co]le£t them from the looks and behaviour of each perfon he introduces ; that Pope's clofe and conftant reafoning had impaired and crujhed the faculty of imagina* tionj that ^t poStical reJieSfions in this piece, would, in all probability, have been more numerous than the affe£fing Jlr^kes $f natures that it would have more refcmblcd the Henriade dian the lliad^ or even the Gierufalemme Uberata j that it would have appeared, how much, and for what rea- ibns, the man (kilful in painting modern life, and the moft fecret foibles and follies of his cotemporarics, is therefore difijualified for reprefenting the ages of heroifm, and that fimple life, which alone epic poetry can gracefully defcribe ; in a word, that his compofition Would have fliewn more of the phiJofopber than of the poet. Add to all t^is, that it was to have oeen vritten in rhyme; a circumftance fufficirnt of T 4 ' itfclf
7* An Rffay on ihe ff^riilngs
^ itfclf alone, to extinguifh all enthufiafm, aiid prdduce eildliiA
* tautologies and circumlocutions? Are not tbcfe fuppofi-
* tions ftrengthencd by what Dr. Warburton has informed us,
* namely, Uiat Pope, in this poem, intended to have treated
* amply '* of all that regarded civil regimen, or the fcienceof ** politics ', that the fevcral forms of a republic were here to *f have been examined artd explained, together with the feirc- *^ ral modes of religious worfhip, fo far as they affect fociety :** < Than which furely there could not have been a more un- ^ proper fubjcS for an epic poem/
Wc hope, however, that this premature befpeaking the 'dlfcourtefy of the world, will not prevent the gendeman who ' \^ faid to be in pofleflion of Mr. Pope's plan, from obliging us witli this expe6ted poem. If it prove not fo pleaAng to the fancy, it may at leaft be more ufef«l to the judgment, than the ' JJiad, or even the Odyfley. The Authpr of the Effiy on Sa- tire *, appears to have fufficient abilities for the tailk.
The Critic concludes the fe£lion with informing us, that the firft poem that appeared in France, 1155, any thing like jicj epic, was the Roman de Brut by Mafter Euibche; and that the fecond poem now remaining in the French language, was entitled, The Romance of Alexander the Great. Every piece . of poetry at that time (the twelfth century) was denominated . a Romance. This laft was the confederated work of four Au- . thors, famous in their time. Lambert le Court, and Alexan- der of Paris, funo: the exploits of Alexander; Peter de Saint Cloft wrote his will in verfe; the writing the will of a hero being then a common topic of verfe j and John de Nivelois , ^dded a book upon the manner in which his dea^ vvas re- venged. It is remarkable, that before this time, all the r#- ifna:.i had been compofcd in verfcs of eight fyllables j but in . this plt-ce the four Authors firft ufed verfes of twelve fyllables, as more folcmn and majeftic. And this was the origiA, tho* \i\\x. little known, of thofc verfes which we now call AUxan- (Irinesy the French heroic meafurc ; ^hc name being derived from Ale^auder, the hero of the piece j or from Alexander tkc pioft celebrated of the four pofts concerned in this wprk.
Nor ihould the quotation from Hpnault's hiftory of France, at the end of the fcftion, be fcrg tten, 9s it more immediately concerns our country, ^hout the year ri6p, fays that truly learned Antiquary, a monk .called GeofFry, (who was after- y/ards AbLpt of St. Albans) employed in the education of youth, made bis pupils rcprefent^ with proper fcents and dreiTess
• Vid. Waiburton's fedTdon of Pope.
♦1^
mdGmusofVovt. 7J
tr»g|cdi€S of piety. The fubjeft of the firft dramatic piece» was the oiiracles of St Catherine, which appeared long before any of our repre&iuations of the myfteries.
The laft fe£tion confiders the epiftle of Sappho to Phaon^ aad of Eloifa to Abelard.
. The critic, after praifiog Ovid for his invention of this
ttiniabk fpecies of writing, which he prefers to the Greek
Slegy, on account of its dramatic nature, and to the Solilo-
ouy, from its fuperior propriety in being addrefled to one per-
K>n ; very juftly extols this tranflati.on of Pope's, for its ele«
gance and faithfulnefs, above any in Dxyden's tranflation of
Sie Heroids. He alio cenfures Ovid for a (ainenefi in the
fubje&s of thefe epiftles, and for being too long, which certainly
forces him into, a repetition and languor in the fenthnents*
Wit and fancy are, indeed, every where predominant, but he
is fometimes deficient in judgment, and not always natural. In
particular Ovid puts into the mouth of Sappho more pretty pa-
,^egyrical epigrams, than thofe tender and paflionate fentiments
. which fuited her character, and nr.ade htx fenfibility in amours
« £o fiamous. Our Author gives a Ihort account of the Lefbian
Poeleis, andpraifes the tranflations of her two odes in the Spec-
lator, but takes no notice of the different turn that Dr. Pearce
: gives to the
^bich, however, feems to be the juft one, and which, if fa^ ; makes mod of the expreffions, both in Boileau's and Phillip's, ; extremely improper. He alfo gives us two fragments of the
fime Poetefs, which are, indeed, highly beautiful and tender i : but he has omitted fome, which, we imagine, are no lefs ex- ' preffive of her character (a) : for, not to mention her other ' fiagment on the evening, from the SchoUafl on Euripides, can
■any thing be more defcnptive, or paffionate, than the following . lines, for the prefervation of which we are indebted to H««
phaeftion, as quoted by Henry Stephens:
£70 ^ futfwi XAiiv^a {i).
(*.) Vid. Hcnric. Heph. Poet. Lyr. VoL Ih
{h) jam pulcra quidem Diana ^
Jam Pleiades occiderunt
jam n9x mtJia eft c hora
Jam prat tritf ipfa vcro . \^bJoh €uSa mifilUu
Ar4
.74 ^ miv ^ ^^^ Writing
^fomq ^ n» MTft }^ At^^ofjulsu frort (<] •
Nor can we deny ourfelves the pleafure of repoatiag die fol-
lowiAg pathetic funeral iniciiptioxi :
A( «) «Mrof>d»fMMK iNmu rxoOi^i xoXiw AXiJttf tiufrmt ti^TPf idirro x»fke»*
which Politian has diut excellently imitated.
Timtdis hie pulvis, qu» dulces ant^ bymen^oot
Excepta eft nigro rcrfephones thalamo ; IRlus heu fata cundae de vertice amatam,
j^qualet feno fubfecuere comam..
Ta return : * Fenton alfo tranflated,' fays the £i£iyifty « the £pi0sle to Phaon, but it is in no refpefi equal to Pope's* « He hat added another of his own invention, of Phaon to ^ Sappho, in which the ilory of Ae transformation of the ( former kqm an old mariner to a beautiful yxxith, is well ^ told. Fenton was an elegant fcholar, and had an exqiti^te
< tafte^ The books he tranflated for Pope in the Odyfley are
* fiiperior toiBrome's. . In his nufcellanies are fome pieces « worthy of notice, particularly his epiftle to Mr. Soiidiern ; ^ the Fair Nun, imitated from Fonta'tfie^ OIivia> acharader;
< and an ode to Lord Gower^ written in the true fpirit of ty*
* ric poetrv.' Thislaft piece, we arer informed. Pope thought the beft ocie ii^ the Englifli language, next to Dryden's Aloe- tttider's Feaft. Fenton^s ode to the fun is very little inferior to the other, and his kifles of Secundus, Venus herfelf (to talk in the language of mythology) has imbued with the fifth part .of her ncftar.
* His [Fenton's] tragedy of Mariamnc,*continues ourAuthor^
* has merit, tho'tbeaSion be too figurative a^tid ornamental. It ^ fuperabounds in the richeft poetic images % except this may
* be palliated by urging, that it fuits the charader of oriental ^ heroes to talk in fo high a drain, and to ufe fuch a luxu« ^ riance of metaphor/
\c) Amor me aiitem diiTolator verfat, Dalciamara avis» inexpugnabiiis,